Mtt stain

Cell culture reagents, including Ham’s F-12K media, fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotic–antimycotic cocktail, MTT stain, Hoechst 33342, and DCFH-DA dye, were procured from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, United States). RNase-A and the HiPurA TM Total RNA Miniprep Purification Kit used were from HiMedia, Mumbai, India. The DyNAmo ColorFlash SYBR Green Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) Kit was from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, United States. The primers in the study were procured from IDT, Coralville, IA, United States.

All the chemicals, reagents, Potato dextrose agar (PDA) (product number, P2182) and Potato dextrose broth (PDB) (product number, P6685) media, aqueous copper acetate (product number, 341646), sodium selenite (product number, 71950), zinc acetate (product number, 1724703), and MTT stain (product number, 475989) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human normal cell line Wi 38 was collected from the American type culture collection (ATCC). All the biological syntheses in this study were achieved using distilled water.

Nanocurcumin and artesunate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO, USA) with purities of 99% and 98%, respectively. Curcumin has a chemical formula of HOC₆H₃(OCH₃)CH=CHCO]₂CH₂, while artesunate has a chemical formula of C₁₉H₂₈O₈ and was in microsize. Additionally, we procured a range of high-quality chemicals for our study from reputable suppliers, in order to process the investigation. Here, Odium nitrate, DMSO, MTT stain, EDTA, RPMI 1640 media, RPMI media, trypsin, fetal bovine serum, ascorbic acid, sodium chloride, and sodium bicarbonate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (MO, USA). These chemicals are essential for various experimental procedures and analytical assays conducted during our research. Additionally, we sourced Tris-HCl, bovine serum albumin (BSA), Coomassie brilliant blue G-250, DEAE-cellulose, sodium chloride, aluminum chloride, hydrochloric acid, and rutin from BDH (Dubai, United Arab Emirates). These high-quality reagents were carefully selected to ensure accurate and reliable results for our study.