5d mark 3

Arabidopsis plants were grown a 19 °C on soil with a 16-h-light and 8-h-dark cycle in environmental-controlled growth chamber (Xu et al., 2017 (link)). Seeds were surface sterilized and hypocotyl growth determined as described (Xu et al., 2017 (link)). Images of hypocotyls and adult plants were obtained with a Canon 5D Mark III digital camera. Hypocotyl length and plant heights were measured and then analyzed using Image J software (Abramoff, Magalhaes & Ram, 2004 ).
To identify the MUR3 gene background in transgenic plants, DNA was extracted from Arabidopsis rosette leaves using the EasyPure Plant Genomic DNA Kit (EE111-01; TransGen, China). Total RNA was extracted from Arabidopsis rosette leaf, stem, hypocotyl and mature root using the EasyPure Plant RNA Kit (ER301-01; TransGen, China). TransScript^®One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis SuperMix Kit (AT311-02; TransGen, China) was used to synthesize first-strand cDNA. This DNA was then used to determine the expression level of the homologous MUR3 genes in transgenic plants by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The Arabidopsis ACTIN gene was used as a reference. The primers used are listed in Supplemental File 1.

After salt treatment, the main root length data was obtained from ten seedlings of each treatment. Images were captured with a Canon 5D Mark III digital camera. Image J software was used to measure the main root length [40 ]. The root length data were analyzed with the ANOVA method using the SPSS software and, at p < 0.05, differences were considered statistically significant.

Absorption spectra were measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Cary 60 UV-Vis, Agilent Technologies) equipped with a custom-made polarization controller. Optical images and movies were recorded by using a Canon 5D Mark III camera with a 100 mm lens, and thermal images were recorded with an Infrared camera (FLIR T420BX) equipped with a close-up 2 × lens. Light from a continuous-wave linearly polarized laser (488 nm, Coherent Genesis CX SLM) was coupled into the fibre from one end, and output power from the LCE center at the other end was measured and reported as the excitation power for all the experiments. Light emitted from the fibre is de-polarized with polarization ratio of ∼1.7. No visible actuation difference in LCE has been observed by change of input laser polarization. Before each experiment, the LCE strips were alternately immersed into water and ethanol, to remove surface charge potentially generated upon removing the strips from the glass cells, or upon interacting with objects such as PDMS. The force generation upon photoactuation was measured by mounting a 5 × 1 × 0.02 mm³ LCE strip onto a three-dimensional translation stage, and illuminating with 488 nm laser at 45° angle of incidence, as shown in the inset of Fig. 4a. Upon illumination the sample bent over 90° and being in contact with a force sensor, the light-induced force vs. light intensity was recorded.

Absorption spectra were measured with a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Cary 60 UV–Vis, Agilent Technologies). Optical images and movies were recorded by using Nikon (D7100) and Canon 5D Mark III camera with a 100 mm lens. Thermal images were recorded with an infrared camera (FLIR T420BX, close‐up 2× lens, 50 µm resolution). Light from a continuous laser (488 nm, Coherent Innova 300C) was coupled into a multi‐mode optical fiber (400 µm core, Thorlabs), the output beam was collimated by a lens before shining onto the robot.

Specimens were observed using a binocular microscope Leica M80 complemented with interpretative camera-lucida drawings. Photographs were taken using a Canon 5D Mark III. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and back-scatter electron (BSE) imagery without coating were conducted on an environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) of FEI Quanta 400 FEG under low vacuum and 20 kv with an EDS system at the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest University, China.

The type series of Tomolanguria gen. nov., Anadastusornatus Arrow, 1925, A.pulchellus Arrow, 1925, A.jucundus (Gorham, 1903), Clerolanguriatricolor (Fabricius, 1787), and Stenolanguriatricolor Fowler, 1885 are deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (BMNH). The holotypes of Paederolanguriaholdhausi Mader, 1939 and P.klapperichi Mader, 1955 are deposited in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland (NHMB). The holotype of Paederolanguriaalternata (Zia, 1959) and non-type specimen of P.holdhausi are deposited in the Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS). The holotype of Stenolanguriarobusta Villiers, 1958 is deposited in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (MNHN). Label data are given with separate lines on labels indicated by / and separate labels by //. Other comments and remarks are in square brackets [].
All photographs were taken with a Canon 5D Mark III digital camera equipped with a Canon MP-E 65 mm lens. The images were stacked with Helicon Focus 6.7.1 and modified in Adobe Photoshop CS6 to correct for contrast, brightness, and imperfections.
Body length was measured from the apices of mandibles to the apices of elytra.

The type material of the new species described in this paper is deposited in the Insect Collection of Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China (SNUC). The text of the specimen label is quoted verbatim in quotation marks (‘’).
Male genital parts (tergite and sternite VIII, and aedeagus) were dissected, and are preserved in Euparal on a plastic slide pinned beneath the specimen. The habitus images were taken using a Canon 5D Mark III camera in conjunction with a Canon MP-E 65 mm f/2.8 1–5× Macro Lens, and a Canon MT-24EX Macro Twin Lite Flash was used as the light source. Images of the external characters were taken using a Leica DMC5400 color CMOS camera in conjunction with a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope. Images of the aedeagi were produced using a Canon G9 camera mounted to an Olympus CX31 microscope under transmitted light. Zerene Stacker (version 1.04) was used for image stacking. Line drawings were made using Adobe Illustrator CC 2018. All images were optimized and grouped into plates using Adobe Photoshop CC 2018.
The abdominal tergites and sternites are numbered following Chandler (2001) in Arabic (starting from the first visible segment) and Roman (reflecting true morphological position) numerals, e.g., tergite 1 (IV), or sternite 1 (III).