The specimens were sectioned using a precision cutting machine (Isomet 5000, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) with copious cooling water into the thicknesses of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm, with the same dimensions of the block, according to the International Organization of Standards (ISO standards 6872:2015) [43 (link)]. The specimens were polished using 500-grit silicon carbide discs for 60 s at a speed of 200 rpm with a water-cooling system, using a polishing machine (MetaServ 250 Grinder-Polisher with Vector Power Head, Buehler, IL, USA). Following this step, the specimens were crystallized according to the manufacturer’s instructions in a ceramic furnace (Programat EP5010, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schann, Liechtenstein). After crystallization, the specimens were polished with carbide discs of different grits (400 and 600 grits) in a wet environment for 60 s at a 200 rpm speed, using the same polishing machine mentioned previously. The dimensions of all the specimens were evaluated using a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corp, Kawasaki, Japan) to assure that the dimensions were within a 0.05 mm thickness.
Programat ep 5010
Manufactured by Ivoclar Vivadent
Sourced in Liechtenstein, Switzerland
The Programat EP 5010 is a high-performance dental furnace designed for sintering and firing of dental ceramic materials. It features a large firing chamber, temperature range up to 1200°C, and a programmable control system to ensure precise firing cycles.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Metaserv 250 grinder polisher, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Vector power head, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Digital caliper, by Mitutoyo (2 mentions)
Isomet 5000, by Buehler (2 mentions)
Proart wax blue, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Infire htc, by Dentsply (1 mentions)
Ips press vest speed, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Vita cad waxx, by Vita Zahnfabrik (1 mentions)
Ips pressvest premium, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
Ips e max press, by Ivoclar Vivadent (1 mentions)
5 protocols using programat ep 5010
1
Specimen Preparation for Ceramic Analysis
2
Precision Ceramic Sample Preparation
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The ceramic blocks were sliced using the precision cutting machine (Isomet 5000, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) under proper water coolant. The resultant samples were 1.5-mm thick with the exact measurements of the machined block according to the International Organization of Standards (ISO standards 6872:2015) [33 (link)]. Polishing of the samples was performed for both sides using 500 grits of silicon carbide discs for 1 minute at a speed of 200 rpm under a water coolant system using the polishing machine (MetaServ 250 Grinder-Polisher with Vector Power Head, Buehler, IL, USA). All samples were inserted in a ceramic furnace (Programat EP5010, Ivoclar Vivadent) to reach the full crystallization stage according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. The second polishing procedure was applied for the same two sides using carbide discs of various grits (400 and 600 grits) in a moist environment for 1 minute at 200 rpm speed using the same polishing machine stated above. All samples were measured with a digital caliper (Mitutoyo Corp, Kawasaki, Japan) before applying any test to ensure the accuracy of the samples’ dimensions and that they were within 0.05-mm thick.
3
Fabrication of Zirconia-Ceramic Crowns
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The master crown design for Group PFZ and PFM was split to generate a separate framework and veneer layer. The zirconia substructure and the veneer layer of Group PFZ were milled (inLab MC X5, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) out of a prefabricated zirconia blank (InCoris ZI meso S F 0.5, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) and a wax blank (ProArt Wax Blue, Ivoclar Vivadent). The zirconia substructure was then sintered in a furnace (InFire HTC, Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC, USA) and a zirliner firing (IPS e.max Ceram ZirLiner 2, Ivoclar Vivadent) was conducted. Subsequently, the zirconia substructure with wax veneer was embedded (IPS Press Vest Speed, Ivoclar Vivadent) and the overpress technique was applied (IPS e.max ZirPress Shade HT A2, Programat EP 5010 furnace, both Ivoclar Vivadent). Glaze firing (IPS e.max Ceram Glaze, Ivoclar Vivadent) and polishing was performed afterwards.
4
CAD/CAM Fabrication of Ceramic Restorations
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The impressions sent to the laboratory were first scanned with a Dental Wings7 (DWOS, Montreal, Canada) device. The scanned models were transferred to a computer, and the restorations were designed using the exocad program. The designed restorations were transferred to the Dentaswiss DS1300 (Biodenta Swiss, Berneck, Switzerland) device, and the restorations were produced by milling the blocks placed in the device.
Indirect ceramic restorations were obtained by milling only IPS e.max. CAD blocks in the CAD/CAM device are present in the blue/purple precrystallized phase at this stage while being crystallized for 10 min at 850°C in the Programat EP 5010 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) furnace in the laboratory. Finally, a glaze layer was applied.
Indirect ceramic restorations were obtained by milling only IPS e.max. CAD blocks in the CAD/CAM device are present in the blue/purple precrystallized phase at this stage while being crystallized for 10 min at 850°C in the Programat EP 5010 (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) furnace in the laboratory. Finally, a glaze layer was applied.
5
Fabrication of Heat-Pressed Restorations
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To produce the heat-pressed restorations according to the digital design, multiple steps were pursued. First, a PMMA-template was milled out of a prefabricated disc (VITA CAD-Waxx; VITA Zahnfabrik) with the aid of a 5-axis milling machine (Programill PM7; Ivoclar Vivadent). In a second step, the milled templates were fixated by a wax sprue (Renfert GmbH, Hilzingen, Germany) and vested (IPS PressVEST Premium; Ivoclar Vivadent) into a mold. To completely dissolve the vested templates, they were heated in an oven (KaVo EWL 5645; KaVo; Kloten, Switzerland) at rate of 5 • C min -1 from room temperature to 850 • C (holding time 60 min).
The pressable lithium disilicate ingots (Lis: Initial LiSi Press; Ema: IPS e.max press; Vit, VITA Ambria; Liv: Livento Press; Amb: Amber Press; Mas: Amber Press Master; Ros: Rosetta Press) were then heatpressed into the resulted void in a heat-pressing sintering-oven (Programat EP 5010; Ivoclar Vivadent): rate 60 • Cmin -1 from 700 • C to 898 • C (holding time: 25 min). After the careful removal of the vest from the cooled restoration, a cleaning with air abrasion at a pressure of 2 bar ( 50μm Al 2 O 3 ; Cobra, Renfert GmbH) to remove the remaining vesting material was performed. Once the restorations were completely cleaned, the surface was polished.
The pressable lithium disilicate ingots (Lis: Initial LiSi Press; Ema: IPS e.max press; Vit, VITA Ambria; Liv: Livento Press; Amb: Amber Press; Mas: Amber Press Master; Ros: Rosetta Press) were then heatpressed into the resulted void in a heat-pressing sintering-oven (Programat EP 5010; Ivoclar Vivadent): rate 60 • Cmin -1 from 700 • C to 898 • C (holding time: 25 min). After the careful removal of the vest from the cooled restoration, a cleaning with air abrasion at a pressure of 2 bar ( 50μm Al 2 O 3 ; Cobra, Renfert GmbH) to remove the remaining vesting material was performed. Once the restorations were completely cleaned, the surface was polished.
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