Spss software package version 22

The normality of all values was checked with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The comparisons between patients and controls were performed using the Student’s t-test except the measurements of skewness in 2–80 Hz, which were not normally distributed, were therefore analysed with Wilcoxon signed rank tests and independent sample Mann–Whitney U-tests for comparisons. Similarly, according the normality of data, we used the Student’s t-test and/or Mann–Whitney U-tests to analyse the differences of VE signals between the EZs and brain areas out of the EZs. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse the variation of kurtosis/skewness among eight cerebral cortices and three frequency bands. The interaction between the alteration of epilepsy and age/gender were also analysed with ANOVA. The correlations of kurtosis/skewness and age were estimated with the Spearman’s rank correlation. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. False discovery rate correction was applied for multiple comparison (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995 ) (e.g. for eight brain areas and three frequency bands, P < 0.002). All statistical analyses were performed in Microsoft Excel 2013, R 3.6.1 and SPSS software package version 22.0.0.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).

Data are summarized using frequencies (percentages) for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables or median interquartile (IRQ) ranges, when appropriate continuous data were compared with two‐tailed Student t test and discrete data with chi‐square test. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni statistical tests were used to compare quantitative variables between more than two groups. Correlations were tested with Pearson coefficients. Patients’ survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier product limit, which were also compared between groups using the log‐rank test. A significant difference was defined as p value < 0.05 (2‐tailed). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Software Package version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

Data were analysed using IBM SPSS software package version 22.0. Qualitative data were described using the number and percentage. Quantitative data were described by calculating the means and standard deviations for parametric data after testing normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with p-values < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Student’s t-test was used to compare FA and MD values in 2 independent groups (patients and controls) at 3 anatomical sites.
The Pearson product-moment correlation was used to determine the correlation between changes in the FA measures and hearing loss level in the patient group.
The diagnostic accuracy of a test was measured using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to discriminate diseased cases from non-diseased cases. Sensitivity and specificity were detected from the curve and PPV; NPV and accuracy were calculated through cross tabulation.