Labram hr evolution raman spectrometer

In situ Raman measurements were divided for the detection of reaction intermediates and derived catalysts. For In situ SERS toward reaction intermediates were conducted on a HORIBA LabRAM HR Evolution Raman spectrometer with a 633 nm solid laser as an excitation source. A homemade flow cell with a quartz window was used to collect the Raman signal from GDE (sprayed with catalyst). The electrolyte was 0.5 M K₂SO₄ + H₂SO₄ (pH = 3), and CO₂ was introduced to the back of GDE in 80 sccm. Ag/AgCl electrode and commercial IrTa alloy electrode were used as reference electrode and counter electrode, respectively. For In situ Raman spectra of derived catalysts, HORIBA LabRAM HR Evolution Raman spectrometer with a 60X (1.0 N.A) water-immersion objective (Olympus) was performed, and the laser wavelength was 532 nm. A screen-printed electrode (Pine, RRPE1002C) was used as the electrode with an applied potential of −1.5 V (vs.RHE). CO₂-saturated 0.5 M K₂SO₄ solution (pH = 3) was used as electrolyte.

Doping level, degree of sp² crystallinity and mechanical strain were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, with a HORIBA Scientific LabRAM HR Evolution Raman spectrometer with an integrated Olympus BX41 microscope. Laser excitation wavelength of 532 nm (2.33 eV) was focused on the sample surface using a 100× objective with a spot size of approximately 1 μm. Low laser power (below 1 mW) was used to minimize sample heating and possible damages. Because of possible inhomogeneity in the films, the spectra were recorded at ten different spots and averaged.