C2h5oh

All chemicals were used without further purification: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS, 98%, Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher, kandel, Germany), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 99%, Acros, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Geel, Belgium), absolute ethanol (C₂H₅OH, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, St. Quentin Fallavier, France), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%, Prolabo, VWR, Paris, France) were used for the preparation of mesoporous silica films on glass microscope slides (Rogo Sampaic) previously washed with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 1 M, Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher, kandel, Germany). Methylene blue (>82%, Fluka, Fisher Scientific, Illkirch, France) was used as the O₃ sensing material. All solutions were prepared with high-purity water (18 MΩ.cm) from a Millipore Milli-Q^® water purification system (Millipore SAS, Molsheim, France).

The chemicals used for the synthesis of Fe₃O₄ MNP’s coated with CA were iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃ × 6H₂O, Sigma Aldrich, Darmstadt, Germany), iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl₂ × 4H₂O, Sigma Aldrich), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, Sigma Aldrich) and CA (C₆H₈O₇, Laiwu Taihe Biochemistry Co., Laiwu, Shadong Province, China). All the chemicals used in the experiments were of analytical grade. Inert nitrogen (N₂, Messer, Ruše, Slovenia) atmosphere was used during synthesis. Ethanol (C₂H₅OH, Sigma Aldrich) was used as washing materials. DI water is used throughout all experiments. The chemical used for FO filtrations was sodium chloride (NaCl, LabExpert, Berdyansk, UK). DI water was used for NaCl solution preparation, for cleaning the membrane module, and as FS during performing baseline measurement.

Elemental sulfur (≥ 99.9%), SnO₂ (≥ 99.5%), 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (C₆H₁₅N₃, 99%, AEPz) and absolute ethanol (C₂H₅OH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification.

Woven fabrics (plain weave) made of 100% pure cotton and polyester threads used in this work. All other chemicals i.e. ZnCl₂, NaOH and C₂H₅OH were used as received from Sigma Aldrich for the synthesis ZnO NPs.

Analytical chemicals, including NaOH (98%), Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O (98%), and C₂H₅OH (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were isolated and cultured in the Biochemical Department, Chemical Institute, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology.

Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid, (H₃BTC, 98%), CuCl₂·2H₂O (97%), NaOH (98%), KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, C₂H₅OH (96%), potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]·3H₂O) and potassium ferricyanide (K₃[Fe(CN)₆]) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All chemicals were used as received without any further treatments.
2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (structures in Fig. 1S†). Glassy carbon (GCE) (BAS, diameter = 3 mm) was used as current collector. Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was prepared by mixing 0.1 M KH₂PO₄ and 0.1 M K₂HPO₄ until a desired pH (in the range from 6.0 to 8.0) was obtained.

Mangostins were extracted from mangosteen rind that was purchased from a local market in East Jakarta, Indonesia. Ethanol 96% (C₂H₅OH), ethyl acetate (C₄H₈O₂), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and sodium alginate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Singapore. α-Mangostin 98% as a standard was purchased from Aktin Chemicals, Chengdu, China. Chitosan (medical grade) with a deacetylation degree of 93% and medium molecular weight of 80–120 kDa was obtained from Chemultiguna, Indramayu, Indonesia.