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21 protocols using sulphuric acid

1

Preparation of High-Purity ADN Standards

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ADN standards (≥99%) were prepared in our laboratory. Ammonium sulfamate (NH4SO3NH2, ≥98%), nitric acid (HNO3, ≥99%), sulphuric acid (H2SO4, ≥99%), n-hexane, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), triethylamine, Na2CO3, NaHSO3, were purchased from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co. Anhydrous piperazine (PIP, ≥98%), m-phenylenediamine (MPD, ≥98%), and homo phthaloyl chloride (TMC, ≥99%) were purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. Acetone and ammonia were purchased from Aladdin Reagent (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. The above reagents were of analytical grade and used without special instructions.
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2

Isolation and Characterization of Citrus Pectin

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Fresh satsuma mandarin fruit was purchased from the local market (Wuhan, China). Commercial citrus pectin (CP, P9135), L-rhamnose (Rha), D-galactose (Gal), D-fructose (Fru), D-xylose (Xyl), L-arabinose (Ara), D-mannose (Man), D-galacturonic acid (GalA), D-glucuronic acid (GluA), and other standard products were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All chemical reagents, including ethanol, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium tetraborate, coomassie brilliant blue, bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium hydroxide, trifluoraceticacid, etc., used in the experiments were analytical grade and purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of Octavinylsilsesquioxane

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All chemical reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade and were used directly without further purification unless otherwise specified. Aniline was purchased from Aladdin-Reagent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). 1,2-Dichloroethane (DCE), ammonium persulfate (APS), acetone, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, anhydrous aluminum chloride, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), sodium dithionite and 1,5-diphenylcarbazide were all purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). DCE was purified by atmospheric distillation and stored with 4 Å molecular sieves. Octavinylsilsesquioxane (OVS) was prepared according to a previous literature report.40
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4

Potassium Ferrate Synthesis Protocol

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Potassium ferrate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium bichromate were received from the Harbin Chemical Reagent Co., China. Ammonium ferrous sulfate and sulphuric acid were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Shanghai, China. All chemicals were Analytical Reagent (AR) grade reagents, except sulphuric acid (chemically pure), and were used as received. Deionized water (D.I. H2O) was provided by a Hitech-Kflow water purification system (Hitech Co., Shanghai, China).
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5

Investigating Olive Oil and Fish Oil Effects

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Olive oil was purchased from a local supermarket in Hangzhou. Fish oil was purchased from Neptunus Bioengineering Co., Ltd., (Hangzhou, China). LPS was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Commercial kits for determining myeloperoxidase (MPO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). A total protein determination kit (BCA Protein Assay Kit) was acquired from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Haimen, China). Cytokines measurement kits were purchased from Lianke Biotechnology CO., Ltd., (Hangzhou, China). RNAiso Plus Kit, Prime Script RT Reagent Kit, and SYBR Premix Ex Taq TM (Tli RNaseH Plus) Kit were purchased from Takara Biotechnology (Dalian) Co., Ltd., (Dalian, China). Sulphuric acid, methanol, chloroform, acetic acid, diethyl ether, and petroleum ether were purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China) and were of an analytical grade. N-hexane was purchased from the Tianjin Shield Specialty Chemical Co., Ltd., (Tianjin, China) and was of an HPLC grade.
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6

Fabrication of Colloidal Photonic Crystals

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The Si wafers were purchased from MTI (China). Deionized water (DI, 18.2 MΩ cm) was obtained from an ultrafiltration system (Milli-Q, Millipore, Marlborough, MA). Acetone, methanol, sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrofluoric acid were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (China). The suspensions (2.5 wt% in water) of polystyrene spheres (PS, 490 nm in diameter) were purchased from Duke Scientific (USA).
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7

Iridium-Based Electrocatalyst Synthesis

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Iridium trichloride (IrCl3, 99.9%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar Co. Iridium(IV) oxide (IrO2, 99%) was purchased from Aladdin Chemical Regent Co. Potassium hydroxide (KOH, 99%), sulphuric acid (H2SO4, ≥ 96.0%), and perchloric acid (HClO4, 70.0–72.0%) were obtained by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Nafion solution (5 wt %) and mercury(II) nitrate hydrate (Hg(NO3)2·H2O, 99.99%) were obtained from Sigma–Alddrich Co. Isopropanol was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Other reagents were of analytical reagent grade without further purification. Double-distilled water was used throughout the experiment. 20% Ir on Vulcan XC-72 was purchased from Premetek Co. The PEM device was purchased from Gaossunion (TIANJIN) Photoelectric Technology CO., LTD.. A commercial Nafion N117 membrane was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
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8

Soybean Seed Analysis Protocol

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Soybean seeds were bought from Linyi (Shandong, China). The analytically pure chemical reagents, such as sodium hydroxide, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and methanol, were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Red tetrazolium (RT) and toluidine blue stain was bought from Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co.
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9

Characterization of Lentinus edodes Monosaccharides

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Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), phenol, sulphuric acid, alcohol, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and methyl iodide (CH3I) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); DMSO-d6; and the monosaccharide standards mannose (Man), glucosamine (GlcN), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacturonic acid (GalA), galactosamine (GalN), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), arabinose (Ara), and fucose (Fuc) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents used in this study were of analytical grade and purchased from commercial vendors.
Lentinus edodes (Berk.) sing were provided by INFINITUS Company (Guangzhou, China).
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10

Lychee Polysaccharide Antioxidant Evaluation

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Fresh fruits of L. barbarum (provided by Zhongning, Ningxia, China). Polysaccharide pellet radius (R), calculated approximately 1 mm. Ethanol, sulphuric acid, phenyl hydroxide, methenyl chloride, normal butanol, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, arabinose, D-glucose, xylan, mannose, galactose, rhamnose, 2, 2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+•), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH•), mEthanol, and pyridine were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), phenazine methosulfate (PMS), nitro blue tetrazolium salt (NBT), dihydronicotineamidadenine dinucleotide (NADH).
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