The following reagents were used in the study: deionized water (Milli-Q Reagent Water, < 10 MΩ cm−1 resistivity, Merck, Millipore); acetonitrile for HPLC, n-hexane for GC (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland); sulfuric acid; salts – anhydrous magnesium sulfate (99.5% purity), sodium chloride (99.9% purity) (Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A., Gliwice), sodium citrate monobasic (99.5% purity) (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland); sorbents – primary and secondary amines – Bondesil PSA, 40 μm (Labstore, Warsaw, Poland), Bakerbond octadecyl (C18, 40 μm, 60 Å), and silica gel (40 μm, 60 Å) (S. Witko, Lodz, Poland). Acetonitrile was saturated with n-hexane (acetonitrile:n-hexane 1:1 (v/v) added to a separation funnel and shaken for 1 min); then, the solvents were allowed to separate phases, and the lower layer was used as extraction solvent. The concentration of the indicators of polychlorined biphenyl standard solutions (Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Germany) was 100 ng/mL. Solutions with lower concentration were produced by diluting the working solutions in n-hexane solvent to obtain concentrations between 2 ng/mL and 11 ng/mL.
Sodium citrate monobasic
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in Germany
Sodium citrate monobasic is a chemical compound that is commonly used as a buffer in laboratory settings. Its primary function is to maintain a specific pH level in solutions, ensuring the optimal environment for various experiments and analyses.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Potassium phosphate dibasic, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium phosphate monobasic, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Citric acid monohydrate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Anhydrous magnesium sulfate, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Milli q reagent water, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Avantor (1 mentions)
Potassium sorbate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tetrabutylammonium borohydride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tween 20, by Serva Electrophoresis (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide solution, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Tetramethylethylenediamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium thiosulfate, by HiMedia (1 mentions)
Rehydration buffer, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
10 protocols using sodium citrate monobasic
1
Extraction and Analysis of PCBs
2
Buffers for Immunoassay Development
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All buffers were prepared in Milli-Q water and stored in amber glass bottles at room temperature (RT, 22 ± 1 °C) unless stated otherwise. The pH values were adjusted using 6 M hydrochloric acid (Merck) or 5 M sodium hydroxide solution (J.T.Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA).
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.6: 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich), 70 mM sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate (Sigma-Aldrich), 145 mM sodium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich).
Washing buffer, pH 7.6: 0.75 mM potassium phosphate monobasic (Sigma-Aldrich), 6.25 mM potassium phosphate dibasic (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.025 mM potassium sorbate (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.05% Tween 20 (Serva, Heidelberg, Germany).
Assay buffer (Tris–EDTA), pH 7.6, storage at 4 °C: 125 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris, Merck), 187.5 mM sodium chloride, 13.375 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA·2H2O, Sigma-Aldrich).
Citrate buffer, pH 4.0, storage at 4 °C: 220 mM sodium citrate monobasic (Sigma-Aldrich).
TMB stock solution in dry N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA, Sigma-Aldrich), storage under argon at 4 °C: 8 mM tetrabutylammonium borohydride (Sigma-Aldrich), 40 mM 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB, Serva).
3
Comprehensive Chemical Inventory for Research
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Ethanol, mEthanol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, HNO3, H2O2, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4, AgNO3, Na2CO3 and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) were purchased from Merck, Bengaluru, India. Bovine serum albumin and chitosan powder were purchased from Sisco Research Laboratories, Chandigarh, India. Glutaraldehyde was purchased from TCI Chemicals, Chandigarh, India. A Spurr resin kit and OsO4 were purchased from Electron Microscopy Sciences, Delhi, India. Uranyl acetate was purchased from LobaChemie, India. CuCl, selenourea, oleylamine, citric acid, sodium citrate monobasic, lead citrate, Laemmli buffer, ammonium persulfate, trizma base, tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), acrylamide, N,N′- methylenebis(acrylamide), 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), KOH, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) cocktail, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, glycerol, and formaldehyde were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Bengaluru, India. Bradford reagent, macerozyme R-10, 1X phosphate buffer saline (PBS), sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbate were purchased from HiMedia, Mumbai, India. Rehydration buffer, IPG strips of pH range 3–10, a ReadyPrep 2D starter kit equilibration buffer I and II, and a ReadyPrep 2D clean-up kit was purchased from Bio-Rad, Gurugram, India. A precision plus protein kaleidoscope prestained protein ladder was purchased from Bio-Rad.
4
Quantitative Analysis of Anti-HIV Drugs
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Pure reference standard powders of TFV, 3TC, FTC, ABV and TAF (chemical structures depicted in Figure S2 ) were purchased from Clinisciences (Milan, Italy), all with a minimum purity of 98%; AZT was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (purity 99.5%). SIL-IS included racemic 13C5-TFV (purity 97.13%, isotopic purity 98.9%), 13C, 2H2-3TC (purity 96%, isotopic purity 99.2%) and were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada); 2H5-ABV (purity 99.23%, isotopic purity 99%), 2H6-TAF (purity 98.7%, isotopic purity 98%) and 2H3,15N-FTC (purity 100%, isotopic purity 98%) were purchased from Alsachim (Illkirch Graffenstaden, France). HPLC grade acetonitrile and methanol were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA, USA). HPLC grade water was produced with Milli-DI system coupled with a Synergy 185 system by Millipore (Milan, Italy). Formic acid and dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy) and Sodium citrate monobasic (>99.5%) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Blank plasma from healthy donors was kindly supplied by the Blood Bank of the “Città della Salute e della Scienza” of Turin.
5
Kombucha Fermentation Protocol
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Ethanol, tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were provided by Fisher Chemical. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium chloride, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate monobasic, sodium bicarbonate, peptone, Nutrient Broth (NB), tryptic soy broth (TSB), hydrochloric acid (HCl), glycerol, and glucose monohydrate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Agar-agar was acquired from Labkem (Labbox, Spain) and acetone was provided by Labchem (Laborspirit, Portugal). Alfa Aesar provided the potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Kombucha Original Bio was obtained from Freshness Diagonal, Lda (Montijo, Portugal).
6
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles
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Sodium citrate monobasic,
sodium phosphate
dibasic, sodium phosphate tribasic, magnesium chloride, potassium
chloride, and HAuCl4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Tris, Tween-20, and sodium chloride were purchased from BioShop (Burlington,
ON, Canada). Hydrochloric and nitric acids were purchased from Caledon
Laboratories (Georgetown, ON, Canada). Thiolated methoxyl-terminated
polyethylene glycol (PEG) with MW = 1000 Da (mPEG-SH1000) was purchased from Laysan BIO (Arab, AL). Reversed-phase hydrocarbon-impregnated
silica gel TLC plates were purchased from Analtech (Newark, DE). All
RNA-containing linker DNA strands were acquired from Integrated DNA
Technologies (IDT) as a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-purified
lyophilized solid. All other DNA sequences were purchased from BioBasic
(Markham, ON, Canada), purified using HPLC (thiol-functionalized sequences)
or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (nonfunctionalized DNA), and
lyophilized by the company. Nanopure distilled water was used for
all experiments. DNA sequences used in the study are outlined inTable S1 .
sodium phosphate
dibasic, sodium phosphate tribasic, magnesium chloride, potassium
chloride, and HAuCl4 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Tris, Tween-20, and sodium chloride were purchased from BioShop (Burlington,
ON, Canada). Hydrochloric and nitric acids were purchased from Caledon
Laboratories (Georgetown, ON, Canada). Thiolated methoxyl-terminated
polyethylene glycol (PEG) with MW = 1000 Da (mPEG-SH1000) was purchased from Laysan BIO (Arab, AL). Reversed-phase hydrocarbon-impregnated
silica gel TLC plates were purchased from Analtech (Newark, DE). All
RNA-containing linker DNA strands were acquired from Integrated DNA
Technologies (IDT) as a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-purified
lyophilized solid. All other DNA sequences were purchased from BioBasic
(Markham, ON, Canada), purified using HPLC (thiol-functionalized sequences)
or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (nonfunctionalized DNA), and
lyophilized by the company. Nanopure distilled water was used for
all experiments. DNA sequences used in the study are outlined in
7
Comprehensive Enzymatic Lactose Analysis
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Glucose (G8270), lactose (17814), hydrogen peroxide (H1009), Carrez I solution (potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) trihydrate (60279)), Carrez II solution (zinc sulfate heptahydrate (31665)), magnesium chloride (M8266), triethylamine (TEA) hydrochloride (T1502), sodium citrate monobasic (71498), citric acid (27488), sodium phosphate monobasic (71496), sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate (71645), potassium phosphate monobasic (795488), potassium phosphate dibasic (795496), iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) (I8377), flavin adenine dinucleotide (F6625), Triton X‐100 (T9284), and imidazole (I202) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich, Arklow, Ireland. Vivinal GOS (Product # 598227; Lot # 704075) was kindly provided by Friesland Campina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. Allolactose (O‐LAC6), 4‐nitrophenyl‐β‐d ‐galactopyranoside (O‐PNPBGAL), Glucose oxidase/catalase mixture (E‐GOXCA), hexokinase/Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase mixture (E‐HKGDH), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E‐PGDHEC), diaphorase (E‐DIAEC), EcLacZ (E‐ECBGAL), A. oryzae (E‐BGLAN) and MZ104 β‐galactosidase enzyme mixtures were obtained from Megazyme, Bray, Ireland. Note that following the current study, all components required to perform the low‐lactose (LOLAC) assay were made available as an assay kit from Megazyme (K‐LOLAC).
8
Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles
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Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4.3H2O; ≥99.9% trace metals basis), sodium citrate monobasic (Na3C6H5O7; purum p.a., anhydrous, ≥99.0%), mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA; 95%), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC; purum, ≥98.0%) and N—hydroxisuccinimide (NHS; 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid (MES; 99%) was supplied by Vetec. All the samples were prepared by using deionized water (Direct Q 3 UV-MilliQ, Merck Millipore; Darmstadt, Germany). The peptides C7H2 (YISCYNGATSYNQKFK) and HuAL1 (RASQSVSSYLA) were supplied by Peptide 2.0 (≥95% of purity). RPMI (Gibco) and DMEM (Gibco) medium were prepared in deionized water. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), streptomycin, and ampicillin were used to supplement the medium and were supplied by Cultilab and ThermoFisher Scientific, respectively. For cell viability assay, it was used trypan blue (solution 0.4%) and trypsin, both purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The antimicrobial studies were carried out in agar Muller-Hinton (Kasvi) and agar Sabouraud (Kasvi). Brain Heart Infusion (BHI, KASVI) was used to prepare pre-inocula of the strains. The in vivo experiments were carried out according to the Animal Use Ethics Committee (CEUA) of the Federal University of São Paulo (ethical approval code: 2210300817; 8-11-2017).
9
Comprehensive Chemical Analysis Protocol
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All the solvents used in this experiment were of analytical grade; these were ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Hydrochloric acid 37%, sulfuric acid 95–97%, acetic acid (glacial) 100%, sodium chloride, formaldehyde solution 37%, sodium hydroxide, citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate monobasic ≥99.5% (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), Folin–Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, Molisch reagent, magnesium powder, aluminum chloride, potassium iodide, iodine, benzene, and gallic acid. All chemicals used, unless otherwise stated, were obtained from the Merck Chemical Company (Darmstadt, Germany). Acarbose was generously provided by Dexa Medica, Indonesia, water for injection (Ikapharmindo Putramas, Indonesia), carboxymethyl cellulose (Brataco, Indonesia), streptozotocin (Wako, Fujifilm, Japan), xylazine (Interchemie, Netherland), and ketamine (Kepro, Netherland).
10
Fluorescent Polymer Synthesis and Characterization
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PVA (99% hydrolyzed; M w ¼ 85;000 to 124;000 g mol -1 ), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), pyridine, dibutyltin dilaurate, sodium citrate monobasic, and fluorescein sodium salt were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri) and used without further purification. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and methanol were purchased from Thermo Scientific (Waltham, Massachusetts) and Spectrum, respectively. Hydrochloric acid (37%) was purchased from Spectrum Chemical (New Brunswick, New Jersey). Optical equipment consisted of light-emitting diode (LED) lamps (M490F2 and M530F1; Thorlabs, Newton, New Jersey), which emit 490-and 530-nm light, respectively. The M490F2 was 350 mA, 1.5 mW (min) with a bandwidth (FWHM) of 23 nm, while the M530F1 was 1000 mA, 4.0 mW (min) with a bandwidth (FWHM) of 33 nm. These lamps along with an S120VC photodiode power sensor, bare fiber adapter, and the PM100USB power and energy meter were all purchased from Thorlabs (Newton, New Jersey). All specifications and technical information are readily available on Thorlabs.com. The NE-1000 programmable syringe pump was purchased from New Era Pump Systems Inc. (Farmingdale, New York), and the syringe needles were custom manufactured by Hamilton (Reno, Nevada).
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