Texas red 1 2 dihexadecanoyl sn glycero 3 phosphoethanolamine

To prepare the solutions, 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) as solutions in chloroform and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids. Texas Red 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, triethylammonium salt (Texas Red-DHPE), and calcein (>93%) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Monza, Italy). chloroform, 1-octanol, and glycerol were acquired from Honeywell (Milan, Italy), and sucrose ultrapure was obtained from VWR-Life Science. Milli-Q water obtained using a purification system (Fulltech Instruments, Rome, Italy) was used for the preparation of all aqueous solutions.
The lipid mixture (DOPC:DOPG in a 1:1 ratio with 0.1 mol% Texas Red-DHPE) was dissolved in chloroform in a glass vial. chloroform was evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen, and the lipids were further dried by desiccating for at least 1 h. After adding octanol in order to achieve a final lipid concentration of 15 mg/mL, the lipid–oil solution (LO) was sonicated for 30 min and then filtered using 0.45 µm syringe filters. The internal aqueous solution (Wi) was 600 mM sucrose with 0.05 mM calcein, and the external aqueous solution (We) was 600 mM glucose.

A commercially available solution of suspended 50 nm diameter PS NPs labeled with red fluorescence dye (Ex/Em: 542 nm/612 nm; Fluoro‐Max, Thermo Fisher) was used. The solution of PS NPs was diluted 1000 times with deionized (DI) water to lower the concentration to 10 ppm, resulting in an electric conductivity of 1 µS cm⁻¹. Regarding the SUV solution, SUVs containing FL dye‐labeled lipids, Texas Red 1,2‐dihexadecanoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (Ex/Em: 590 nm/610 nm; Thermo Fisher), and 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (Avanti Polar Lipids) were dissolved at a molecular ratio of 1:99 in chloroform at 0.1 mg mL⁻¹ for FL visualization. The rapid solvent exchange method^[27] was employed to change the chloroform to DI water, resulting in spherical lipid balls in the form of multilamellar vesicles. To normalize the size of the lipids into 50 nm diameter unilamellar‐shaped liposomes, the solution was extruded 20 times through polycarbonate membranes with a pore size of 50 nm, resulting in a uniformly sized 50 nm SUV with a final concentration of 1 ppm and an electric conductivity of 1 µS cm⁻¹. To measure the electrical conductivity, a conductivity meter (LAQUAtwin EC‐33, Horiba) was used.