Viscan

Before anthropometric measurement, subjects were requested to empty their bladder. Body weight, height, and sitting height were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg and 1 mm respectively, using a mechanical column scale with integrated stadiometer (Seca model 709, Hamburg, Germany). Body composition was then assessed using a multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (Inbody 720, Biospace Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea), and waist circumference and abdominal fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance analysis using ViScan (Tanita Corporation, Tokya, Japan); which has been shown to be accurate both for the measurement of waist circumference (Schutz et al., 2012 (link)) and for predicting total abdominal fat when validated against Magnetic Resonance Imaging techniques (Browning et al., 2010 (link); Thomas et al., 2010 (link)). Body surface area was calculated according to Mosteller's formula (Mosteller, 1987 (link)).

In the week preceding the first test day, the participants visited the laboratory to complete a questionnaire regarding their diet/lifestyle and medical history, and to familiarize themselves with the experimental procedures and equipment. After voiding the bladder, body weight and height were measured using a mechanical column scale with integrated stadiometer (Seca model 709, Hamburg, Germany), body composition using a multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (Inbody 720, Biospace Co., Ltd, Seoul, Korea), and Trunk (abdominal) fat percentage by bioelectrical impedance analysis using ViScan (Tanita Corporation, Tokya, Japan).

Anthropometric characteristics including height and body weight were measured using a standing stadiometer (Seca model 220, Seca, Hamburg, Germany) and an analogue scale (Seca model 755, Seca, Hamburg, Germany), respectively. Total body fat was assessed by bioelectrical multi-frequency impedance analysis (Bodystat Quadscan 4000, Bodystat Ltd., Isle of Man, UK) with the subjects in the supine position. Current-injector electrodes were placed just below the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the subjects in the middle of the dorsal side of the right hand and below the metatarsal arch on the superior side of the right foot. Detector electrodes were placed on the posterior side of the right wrist, midline to the pisiform bone of the medial (fifth phalangeal) side with the wrist semi flexed. Trunk fat percentage was quantified by the use of the BIA device ViScan (Tanita AB-140, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). A wireless ‘electrode belt’ was placed on the bare waist of the subject in a supine position.