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Epidata version 4

Manufactured by StataCorp
Sourced in Denmark, United States

Epidata version 4.6 is a data management and analysis software package developed by StataCorp. It provides tools for data entry, validation, and analysis. The software is designed to facilitate the collection, management, and analysis of epidemiological data.

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59 protocols using epidata version 4

1

Factors Influencing Advanced Cancer Presentation

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Data were coded, entered, cleaned, and checked by EpiData version 4.6, and analyzed using Stata Version 14.2. Descriptive statistics of different variables were presented using tables, figures, and text. The binary logistic regression model was used to identify independent variables that have associated with the outcome variable (advanced stage presentation). The Hosmer–Lemeshow test was used to test the model fitness of the data and the model fitted with the insignificant p-value. To reduce potential confounders, bi-variable analysis was employed and independent variables with p-value <0.2 were exported to multivariable analysis. Variables with p -values ≤ 0.05 with 95% confidence interval during multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were declared as statistically significant. In addition, the regression analysis technique was used to eliminate the missed data.
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2

Reliability and Regression Analysis of HRQoL

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All completed questionnaires were manually checked for completeness and consistency of responses. In line with this, data were coded and entered in Epidata version 4.6 and exported to STATA version 14 for analysis. A reliability test (Cronbach alpha) was performed to check the reliability of the questionnaire items and domains. Negatively framed questions were transformed into positively framed questions. The raw and transformed score was done for the outcome variables. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the overall score of HRQoL. Linear regression model assumptions tests, such as normality, linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, and multi-collinearity were checked. Simple and multiple linear regressions were done to see the association between the predictor and the outcome variables. Predictor variables that had a p-value < 0.2 in the simple linear regression were taken into multiple linear regressions. β coefficient with 95% CI and P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically as a significant variable in multiple linear regression analysis.
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3

Prevalence and Factors of Low Back Pain in Healthcare Professionals

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After the data were checked for their consistency and completeness, data were coded and entered into Epi data version 4.6 and exported to Stata version 14.00 for analysis. The overall proportion with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to determine prevalence. The prevalence of low back pain was calculated and described by using a frequency table and bar chart. To determine factors associated with LBP among HCPs multivariable logistic regression was done. Variables having a p-value ≤0.05 in multivariable logistic regression are considered as statistically significantly associated factors. The odds ratio is also used to measure the strength of the association.
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4

Risk Factors Associated with Preterm Birth

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The data were checked, coded, and entered into Epidata version 4.6, and exported to STATA version 14 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics like percentages, proportions, and mean are used. The results were presented in tables and text. A Chi-square assumption was done for each categorical independent variable. Analysis was conducted using binary logistic regression to determine the risk factors associated with PTB. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were employed. Model fitness was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.2 in the bivariable logistic regression were considered for the multivariable logistic regression analysis. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated. Lastly, variables with a p-value of less than 0.05 were considered significant.
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5

Epidemiological Data Analysis Protocol

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Data were coded and cleaned for completeness and consistency. Then, entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported it into STATA version 14 statistical software for analysis. Descriptive analysis like medians, means, proportions, standard deviations, interquartile range, and frequencies were computed. Multicollinearity was checked using variance inflation factors (VIF) and the value of all variables was less than 5. Simple binary logistic regression analysis was employed and all independent variables with a p value less than 0.25 were entered in multiple binary logistic regression analysis. The overall model fitness of the final model was assessed with the Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test by which the mode showed adequate model fitness. A P value less than 0.05 and a 95% CI were used for declaring statistical significance.
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6

Factors Affecting Service Acceptability

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The quantitative data were checked for completeness, edited, coded, and entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to STATA version 14 software for analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed and results were presented using tables and narrations. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with the acceptability of services, and in the final model, a p-value of <0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used. Qualitative data were gathered, audio records of key informant interviews were transcribed into the text format of the local language, translated into English, and then coded and categorized by using a thematic analysis approach under the dimensions that supplemented the quantitative findings. Weight for the dimensions and the respective indicators were given depending on their level of relevance to the program. Finally, the dimensions were judged based on the pre-determined judgmental criteria.
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7

Factors Associated with Successful Breastfeeding

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The collected data were coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to STATA version 14.0 for data cleaning and analysis. Means with standard deviation (SD) were reported for continuous variables and frequencies with proportion were computed for categorical variables.
Data were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model at 95% confidence interval and variables with p-value< 0.25 during the bivariable analysis were entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis to control confounding variables. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI was calculated to determine the strength of association; variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were declared as statistically significant. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p-value = 0.910) showed the model was fitted. Multicollinearity was tested using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and tolerance test. Since VIF = 1.516, which is less than 5, and tolerance value = 0.667, which is greater than 0.2, it showed that there was no multicollinearity.
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8

Factors Affecting Health Data Use

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Data were verified for completeness and entered using Epi-data version 4.6, then exported to STATA version 14. Internal consistency was checked for all computed items (with Cronbach’s alpha). 0.83 for perceived culture of information use, 0.89 for perceived self-competence, 0.80 for attitude toward data use, and 0.81 for routine health data. Frequency and cross-tabulations were used to describe the data. Bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis were performed using the backward method. The odds ratio along with the 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was used to test for model fitness, and a multicollinearity test was carried out using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). Finally, variables with a p-value < 0.05 in multivariate logistic regression were considered significantly associated factors.
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9

Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Incidence

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Data were entered using Epi-Data version 4.6 and then exported to Stata version 14 for further data cleaning and analysis. Descriptive statistics like mean (standard deviation) or median (inter-quartile range) for continuous variables and frequencies (%) for categorical variables were used to describe the population. Cumulative incidence was computed by the number of new cases (CVD) per total initial population and incidence rate was calculated as the number of new cases per by PY at risk. Bivariable analysis with a p-value less than 0.2 were included in the multivariable regression. The Kaplan-Meier procedure was used to estimate the survival curves and Log rank test to compare survival time between groups of categorical variables. Schoenfeld residuals method was used to assess proportional hazard assumptions (PHA). The parsimonious survival model was selected based on Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and goodness of fitness of the model was checked using Cox Snell residual plot. To deal with missing data, we compared the model for multiple imputed data with complete case analysis and the model with the lowest AIC was used for analysis. Finally, Weibull regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratios and variables with a significance level of <0.05 were used to identify the predictors of CVD.
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10

Adverse Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccination

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Data was checked for completeness, entered into Epi-data version 4.6, and
exported to STATA version.14 for analysis. Descriptive statistics, frequencies,
and percentages were computed and presented using graphs and tables. A
bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression model was used to assess
factors associated with adverse reaction of COVID-19 vaccination. Variables with
a p-value less than or equal to 0.2 was included to
multi-variable logistic regression. Multicollinearity was checked among
independent variables using a variance inflation factor and model fitness was
checked using Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test. Finally, the results were
reported as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with their 95% CIs.
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