Ammonium persulfate aps

Propyl palmitate (industrial grade, with an average phase transition temperature of 18.3 °C and an average latent heat of 168.3 J/g) was chosen as the PCM core material. Methyl methacrylate (MMA, analytical purity, BASF New Materials Ltd., Shanghai, China) was used as the monomer and washed with NaOH solution to remove the inhibitor before polymerization. Expandable graphite was supplied by Beijing Warwick Chemical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China. Ammonium persulfate (APS, Macklin Biochemical Co., Shanghai, China) and sodium hydrogen sulfite (NaHSO₃, Meryer Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were chosen as redox initiators. Span 80 and Tween 80 were provided by Modern Oriental Technology Development Co. (Beijing, China) and were chosen as surfactants.

ZnCl₂, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, KF, ZnBr₂, KI, LiN(CF₃SO₂)₂ (LiTFSI), Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂ (Zn(OTf)₂), Li₂SO₄, ZnSO₄, aniline, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was purchased from Macklin. The bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel was purchased from Hainan Yi De Food Co., Ltd. Carbon cloth was purchased from the Cetech Co., Ltd. LiFePO₄ was purchased from the Shenzhen Kejing Group. Zinc foil (20 μm thick) was purchased from Qingyuan Metal Material Co., Ltd.

Chemicals of IEH hydrogels including acrylamide (AAM), 2-arylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt (NaAMPS) solution, N, N’-methylenebis (acrylamide) (MBAA), 2-hydroxy-4’-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (UV-initiator), and agarose (AG) were purchased from Aladdin. Chemicals of the PVA pre-hydrogel consist of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with the average molecular weight of 15,000 (Aladdin), glutaraldehyde (50 wt% aqueous solution, Aladdin), and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Beijing chemical works, China). Chemicals of the PSA pre-hydrogel include sodium acrylate anhydrous (SA, 95%, Macklin, China) and ammonium persulfate (APS, AR, 98.5%, Macklin, China). Other chemicals include carbon black (Wanglin Biological co. LTD., Zhejiang, China), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS, AR, Damao Chemical Reagent, Tianjin, China), sodium chloride (NaCl, AR, Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent, China), potassium chloride (KCl, AR, Damao Chemical Reagent, Tianjin, China), and Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄∙5H₂O, 99%, Damao Chemical Reagent, Tianjin, China). The deionized (DI) water was from local sources. The self-suspension device was obtained by 3D printing based on ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) resin. The hydrogel shaping mold was a five by five centimeters quartz product. All materials were used without further purification.