Biofilms formation was developed in 96-well polystyrene microtiter plates (Sumitomo Bakelite, Tokyo, Japan), which were previously coated with human saliva, BSA, anti-PAc serum [38 (link)], anti-PAc monoclonal antibody [39 (link)] and anti-GbpC serum [40 (link)] for 1h at 4°C. After pre-coating, wells were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) 2 times. Biofilm formation assays were performed using a previously described procedure [36 (link)]. Wells containing 180 μl of TSB with 0.25% sucrose were inoculated with 20 μl of S. mutans UA159 and gtfBC mutant, S. sanguinis, S. mitis and S. gordonii from a cell culture with an optical density (OD600) of 0.4. The plates were then incubated with various concentrations of polypyrrole (Sigma-Aldrich, Co., St. Louis, MO) or hyaluronic acid (MW 5,000–150,000, Tokyo Chemical Industry, Co. LTD, Tokyo, Japan) at 37°C with 5% CO2 for 16 h. To observe the effects of hyaluronic acid on polypyrrole-dependent biofilm formation, polypyrrole was pretreated with 7 mg/ml hyaluronic acid for 1 h at 37°C and applied to the biofilm formation assay. After incubation, the planktonic cells were removed by washing with distilled water (DW), and the adherent cells were stained with 0.25% safranin for 15 min. After washing with DW 2 times, safranin was extracted from biofilm with 70% (v/v) ethanol, and quantitatively measured by the absorbance at 492 nm.
Polypyrrole
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Polypyrrole is a conductive polymer material used in various laboratory equipment. It exhibits electrical conductivity and can be utilized in the development of electrochemical devices and sensors.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Hyaluronic acid, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Polypyrrole, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
96 well polystyrene microtiter plates, by Sumitomo Bakelite (1 mentions)
Ammonium persulfate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Acrylamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N isopropylacrylamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Aniline, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Agno3, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
N n methylenebisacrylamide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sulfuric acid h2so4, by Beijing Chemical Works (1 mentions)
Milli q, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Pt c 10 pt, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Jem 2010, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Quadrasorb si 2000 08, by Anton Paar (1 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
X ray diffractometer, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Thiourea, by Sinopharm (1 mentions)
Pyrrole, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lithium perchlorate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Perchloric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
9 protocols using polypyrrole
1
Biofilm Formation Assay with Coatings
2
Photocurable Conductive Hydrogel Synthesis
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All chemicals and solvents were of reagent grade and were used as received without further purification. N-Isopropylacrylamide [H2C=CHCONHCH(CH3)2, 99%], acrylamide (CH2=CHCONH2, 99%), N,N’-Methylenebisacrylamide [(H2C=CHCONH)2CH2, 99%] dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 2-Hydroxy-4’-(2-hydroxyethoxy)−2-methylpropiophenone [HOCH2CH2OC6H4COC(CH3)2OH, 98%] and 2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone [C6H5COC(CH3)2OH, 97%] as the photo-initiators, polypyrrole (C4H5N, 98%), AgNO3 (99%), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) (1.3 wt% dispersion in H2O), ammonium persulfate [(NH4)2S2O8, 98%], and aniline (C6H5NH2, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. AgNW (1.6 wt% in DI water-based solution) was purchased from DS Hi-Metal.
3
Facile Graphite Quantum Dot Synthesis
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Graphite flakes were purchased from HQ Graphene
(Groningen, The Netherlands),
while polypyrrole (PPy) and high-purity ethanol (>99.99%) were
purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri). FGQDs were synthesized by
the facile PLA process from graphite flakes in high-purity ethanol
with PPy. Typically, 500 mg of graphite flakes were dispersed in 200
mL of high-purity ethanol and PPy with different concentrations (0,
0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol %). The pulsed laser ablation was injected into
the graphite solution for 30 min at room temperature (about 25–28
°C) in air using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser system. The graphite
solution was injected by a horizontal pulsed laser beam (355 nm wavelength
and third harmonic) at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The pulse laser
width was 10 nm, and the ablation power was 1 J. After completion
of the PLA process, the FGQD suspension was dried overnight at 80
°C under vacuum condition. N-doped GQDs were also prepared by
the PLA process. Typically, 500 mg of graphite flakes and 1.5 mol
% diethylenetriamine (DETA) were dispersed in 200 mL of high-purity
ethanol. Thereafter, the same pulsed laser experimental conditions
as those set up for the synthesis of the FGQDs were employed.
(Groningen, The Netherlands),
while polypyrrole (PPy) and high-purity ethanol (>99.99%) were
purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri). FGQDs were synthesized by
the facile PLA process from graphite flakes in high-purity ethanol
with PPy. Typically, 500 mg of graphite flakes were dispersed in 200
mL of high-purity ethanol and PPy with different concentrations (0,
0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mol %). The pulsed laser ablation was injected into
the graphite solution for 30 min at room temperature (about 25–28
°C) in air using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser system. The graphite
solution was injected by a horizontal pulsed laser beam (355 nm wavelength
and third harmonic) at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The pulse laser
width was 10 nm, and the ablation power was 1 J. After completion
of the PLA process, the FGQD suspension was dried overnight at 80
°C under vacuum condition. N-doped GQDs were also prepared by
the PLA process. Typically, 500 mg of graphite flakes and 1.5 mol
% diethylenetriamine (DETA) were dispersed in 200 mL of high-purity
ethanol. Thereafter, the same pulsed laser experimental conditions
as those set up for the synthesis of the FGQDs were employed.
4
Synthesis and Characterization of Ammonium Molybdate-Polypyrrole-Platinum Composite
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(NH4)6 Mo7O24 · 4H2O, Polypyrrole (PPy, un-doped, extent of labeling: ~20 wt. % loading, composite with carbon black and the CAS number is 30604-81-0) and Pt/C (10% Pt) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Thiourea and KOH were from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 95–98%) and ethanol (99.9%) was purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. All aqueous solutions were prepared with ultrapure water obtained from a Millipore water purification system (≥18 MΩ, Milli-Q, Millipore).
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed by a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer with Cu KR target. The porosity was measured with a nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm using a surface area analyzer (QuadraSorb SI 2000–08, Quantachrome Instruments). The morphologies of products were observed under a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM; HITACHI S-4800) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEM-2010, 200 kV). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed using an AXIS ULTRADLD instrument equipped with an Al Kα X-ray source. Raman spectra were recorded on an InVia-Reflex Raman microscope with a laser excitation wavelength of 532 nm.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed by a Rigaku X-ray diffractometer with Cu KR target. The porosity was measured with a nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm using a surface area analyzer (QuadraSorb SI 2000–08, Quantachrome Instruments). The morphologies of products were observed under a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM; HITACHI S-4800) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM; JEM-2010, 200 kV). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed using an AXIS ULTRADLD instrument equipped with an Al Kα X-ray source. Raman spectra were recorded on an InVia-Reflex Raman microscope with a laser excitation wavelength of 532 nm.
5
Potentiostatic Polypyrrole Deposition
6
Facile Synthesis of rGO-Polypyrrole Composite
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The graphene (rGO) used was obtained from the CeNam-CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa. The polypyrrole with CAS No: 30604-81-0; solid, 20 wt% carbon content loading and >300 °C melting point, was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Gauteng, South Africa. Polyvinyl alcohol with CAS No: 9002-89-5 was purchased from Sigma Aldrich, South Africa. A of between 146,000–186,000, 99+% hydrolyzed, hydrophilic, and crystalline power, are the properties of the Polyvinyl alcohol. Moreover, acetone was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and deionized water was sourced from the CSIR, Pretoria laboratory. Refer to [19 (link)] for the electrical conductivity measurement method.
7
Electrochemical Characterization of Graphite/Polypyrrole Composite
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All the chemicals and solutions were analytical grade and used without a further purification process. AA, DA, UA, Nafion, graphite powder, Polypyrrole (PPy), Palladium chloride (PdCl2), Ethyl alcohol (99% pure alcohol), and N, N D-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8% anhydrous) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Ammonium persulfate (APS) was obtained from Merck. Water used in the experiments purified with a Millipore water purification system (18 MΩ). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, 0.1 M) was adjusted with HCl acid at different pHs.
8
Electrochemical Detection of Phenolic Compounds
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All reagents used in this work were analytical reagent grade. 4-ethylphenol, 4ethylguaiacol, 4-ethylcatechol, Cu nanoparticles (particle size 50 nm), WO3 nanoparticles (particle size <100 nm), 2% Bi2O3 nanoparticles (particle size 90-210 nm), polypyrrole and Co phtalocyanine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Graphite powder (particle size 50 µm) was received from BDH (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, UK). Epotek H77 resin was purchased from Epoxy Technology (Billerica MA, USA). Don Simon wine was purchased at the local supermarket.
Graphite powder (particle size 50 µm) was received from BDH (BDH Laboratory Supplies, Poole, UK). Epotek H77 resin was purchased from Epoxy Technology (Billerica MA, USA). Don Simon wine was purchased at the local supermarket.
9
Enzymatic Biosensor Fabrication
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Glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger, Laccase (LAC) from Trametes versicolor, glutaraldehyde, Polypyrrole (Ppy, conductivity 10-50 S/cm) and Physiological Buffer Solution (PBS) tablets were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Reticulated Vitreous Carbon was purchased from Goodfellow, whilst the glucose was purchased from Ajax Chemicals.
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