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Alexa fluor 488 555

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in Sweden, Germany

Alexa Fluor 488/555 are fluorescent dyes used as labels for biomolecules in various applications, such as flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and immunoassays. They are designed to have high brightness, photostability, and specificity for the target biomolecules. The Alexa Fluor 488 has an excitation maximum of 495 nm and an emission maximum of 519 nm, while the Alexa Fluor 555 has an excitation maximum of 555 nm and an emission maximum of 565 nm.

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14 protocols using alexa fluor 488 555

1

Immunofluorescent Labeling and Imaging

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Immunofluorescent labeling and microscopic imaging has been described previously.16 Primary antibodies used were ßIII‐tubulin (ab78078, 1:250; Abcam, Cambridge, MA), calbindin‐D28K (C2724, 1:500; Sigma‐Aldrich, St Louis, MO), CD11b/c (ab1211, 1:100, Abcam), EGFP (ab6556, 1:500, Abcam), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; ab33922, 1:200, Abcam), IBA‐1 (ab5076, 1:200, Abcam), NeuN (ab177487, 1:500 and ab104224, 1:500, Abcam), S100 (MAB079, 1:200; Millipore, Billerica, MA), S100 (Z0311, 1:200; Dako, Carpinteria, CA). Secondary antibodies were Alexa Fluor 488/555, goat/donkey anti‐mouse (1:500), Alexa Fluor 488/555, goat/donkey anti‐rabbit (1:500), and Alexa Fluor 488/555, donkey anti‐goat (1:500; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Sections were mounted in VECTASHIELD medium containing the nuclear dye 4′,6′‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA).
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2

Immunofluorescence and Flow Cytometry Antibody Panel

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For immunofluorescence and/or flow cytometry the following antibodies were used: GK1.5 (anti-CD4), MP33 (anti-CD45), MECA-367 (anti-mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1]), and ERMP-12 (anti-CD31), which were purified from hybridoma cell culture supernatants by affinity chromatography with protein G-Sepharose (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) and labeled with Alexa Fluor-488, -555, or -647 (all from Invitrogen Life Technologies, Breda, the Netherlands). 145–211 (anti-CD3e, eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) Alexa Fluor-555 or Pe-labeled, and TUJ1 (anti-neuronal class III β-tubulin, BioLegend, Dedham, MA, USA) Alexa Fluor-488 labeled. Phage-display-derived single-chain antibodies vesicular stomatitis virus-tagged GD3A12 [11 (link)] and HS4E4 [12 (link)] were used and detected by a Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, P5D4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). To assure specificity of the antibodies, conjugate-alone controls as well as control serum (rat or rabbit) as replacement of the primary incubation were used. For western blots an anti-mouse decorin rabbit polyclonal was used at 1:1,000 dilution (immunogen: rat decorin; kindly provided by Åke Oldberg).
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3

Embryonic Development Immunostaining and in situ

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The embryos were grown at 25°C except the 69B-Gal4 UAS overexpression experiments that were grown at 29°C to increase Gal4 activity. The following primary antibodies were used: mouse anti-AbdB 1A2E, anti-Crb and anti-Ct 2B10 (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank); rabbit anti-GFP (Invitrogen) and mouse anti-βGal (Promega). Secondary antibodies were conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488, 555 (Invitrogen). Confocal images were obtained with a Leica SP2-AOBS microscope and processed using ImageJ and Adobe Photoshop CS5. We used antisense RNA probes for upd, Gal4 and lacZ in situ.
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4

Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry in Xenopus

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Whole-mount IHC was performed as previously referenced in X. laevis[11 (link),12 (link),66 (link)], with some modifications. After ISH staining, samples were placed in blocking buffer and, then, incubated with the respective primary antibody for marker proteins at the corresponding dilutions in blocking buffer for 1 h at RT and then for 18 h at 4°C. We used mouse monoclonal anti-acetylated-Tuba clone 6-11B-1 (T7451, Sigma) for cilia at 1:1000, mouse monoclonal anti-p63 (ab111449, Abcam) for basal cells at 1:100, mouse monoclonal anti-Itln1 (5G7 antibody, gift from Saguro Nagata, Japan Women’s University, Japan) for MS cells at 1:500, and rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-Histone H3 (06–570, Upstate Biotechnology) for mitotic cells at 1:1000. Then, samples were washed 7 times in MABX for 1 h at RT and for 18 h at 4°C. After that, samples were placed in blocking buffer for 1 h at RT and, then, incubated for 3 h with the appropriate anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody made in donkey, goat or chick and conjugated to Alexa-fluor 488, 555 or 647 (Invitrogen), as needed and with the concentrations indicated by the manufacturer. Finally, samples were washed and processed for imaging or for additional staining.
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5

Immunostaining of Vasa and Siwi in BmN4 Cells

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Immunostaining experiments were performed after the transfection of Vasa or dN-Vasa into BmN4 cells, followed by incubation at 26 °C for 3 days. BmN4 cells were fixed in 4% formaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. After permeabilization with 0.1% Triton X-100, the cells were washed with 3% w/v BSA in PBS. Vasa was treated with anti-FLAG M2 antibody (IgG1; Sigma-Aldrich, 1000-fold dilution) as the primary antibody while Siwi was treated with anti-Siwi antibodies (IgG2a, 1000-fold dilution) kindly gifted from Siomi lab at the University of Tokyo, followed by treatment with a secondary antibody, IgG1/IgG2a labelled with Alexa Fluor 488/555 (Invitrogen, 1000-fold dilution), for fluorescent detection. The nuclei were stained with DAPI. Fluorescent images were obtained using an LSM800 with AiryScan (Zeiss).
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6

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cells

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DT40 and Jurkat cells were settled onto poly‐l‐lysine (Sigma‐Aldrich)‐coated glass coverslips, whereas HEK 293T, 293 Flp‐In T‐REx and RPE‐1 cell lines were grown on uncoated coverslips. Cells were fixed with 100% −20°C methanol or with 4% paraformaldehyde (Polysciences) in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min followed by 5 min in 100% 20°C methanol (ACROS Organics). Cells were permeabilised in PBS‐0.5% Tween‐20 (Promega; PBS‐T) or, for centriolar staining, in 0.5% Triton X‐100 (ACROS Organics), 0.05% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS; Sigma‐Aldrich) and 0.5% Tween‐20 (Promega) in PBS for 5 min. Cells were then stained as described in Sir et al (2013). Primary antibodies are listed in the reagents and tools table in Appendix Supplementary Methods. Secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488, 555 or 647 were obtained from Invitrogen. To visualise DNA, coverslips were incubated with 1 μg/ml Hoechst 33258 (Sigma‐Aldrich) and then mounted on glass slides (SuperFrost Ultra Plus, Thermo Scientific) using the ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant (Invitrogen).
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7

Immunofluorescent Staining of Differentiated hPSCs

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To perform immunofluorescent staining, cells from hPSCs during differentiation plated on the glass coverslips were fixed in 4% PFA for 15 minutes at room temperature. After washing, the fixed cells were incubated with blocking buffer (PBS containing 3% goat serum and 0.3% Triton X-100) for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by an overnight incubation at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: OCT4 (1:400, Cell Signaling), PAX6 (1:400; Millipore), SOX2 (1:400; Cell Signaling), NESTIN (1:800; Millipore), MAP2 (1:1 000; Sigma), NeuN (1:500; Millipore) and Ac-H3K9 (1:400; Cell Signaling). After repeated washes, the cells were incubated with secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa fluor-488/555 (1:400; Invitrogen) at room temperature for two hours. The nuclei were finally stained with Hoechst 33342 (Beyotime) before observation under microscopy (Olympus). For quantitative analysis, the percentage of NPCs or neurons was calculated by the number of NESTIN+ or NeuN+ cells versus the number of Hoechst+ cells. For each treated group, more than three random images were taken and the number of cells were counted, and the results were determined from more than four independent experiments.
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8

Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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4% paraformaldehyde in PBS solution was used (10 min at RT) for the fixation of the cells, followed by permeabilization with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 7 min at RT. After blocking with 1% BSA in PBS for 30 min at 37 °C the cells were incubated with primary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature followed by the addition of the respective secondary antibodies labeled with Alexa Fluor 488/555/647 (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany). Used antibodies are listed in Tables S7/S8 in the supplementary material. F-actin filaments were stained with phalloidin coupled to Alexa Fluor 488/555 (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany), focal adhesions with anti-paxillin antibody, and nuclei with 4’,6-diamidino 2-phenylindole (DAPI; Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany). Images were taken using a confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and a fluorescence microscope (Motic, Wetzlar, Germany).
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9

Quantifying Lysosomal-Autophagosomal Colocalization

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LSECs were seeded onto 12 mm micro coverglasses (Electron Microscopy Sciences). At different time-points (0 h, 24 h, 48 h), cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10min at room temperature, rinsed with PBS and permeabilized with 0.1% triton X-100 (Sigma) for 5 min. Thereafter, cells were blocked for 30 min with 1% BSA in PBS and consequently incubated with primary antibodies against LC3B (1:200, cell signaling) and Lamp2 (1:100, Santa Cruz) overnight at 4 °C.
Incubation with secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488/555 (1:300, Invitrogen) was performed at room temperature for 1 h along with DAPI (3 ng/ml, Invitrogen). Preparations were then mounted using Fluoromount-G and dried overnight. Eight images per preparation and channel (visible; green, 488 nm; red, 555 nm) were obtained acquiring confocal z-stacks with a spectral confocal microscope (Leica TCS SPE). Images were then analyzed with the ImageJ software calculating the Pearson’s coefficient per cell. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient is a quantitative measurement that estimates the degree of overlap between fluorescence signals obtained in the 2 channels (green and red). The Pearson coefficients were averaged, and a standard error of the mean was calculated.22 (link)
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10

Antibody Immunoblotting and Immunostaining Protocol

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The primary antibodies used for immunoblotting were mouse anti-V5 (1:5000, Invitrogen), guinea pig anti-Axin (1:1000, [17 (link)]), rabbit anti-Kinesin Heavy Chain (1:10000, Cytoskeleton), mouse anti-alpha-Tubulin (1:10000, DM1A, Sigma), rabbit anti-alpha-Tubulin (1:10000, Sigma), rabbit anti-Gluthathione-S-Transferase (1:10000, Invitrogen), rabbit anti-phospho-LRP6 [Thr1572] (1:1000, Millipore), mouse anti-Nervana antibody (Nrv5F7, 1:1000, DSHB), and guinea pig anti-Arrow antibody (1:1000, [74 (link)]). The primary antibodies used for immunostaining were guinea pig anti-Axin (1:1000, [17 (link)]), rabbit anti-β-gal (1:1000; MP Biomedicals), mouse anti-Arm (1:20; DSHB), mouse anti-Fas III (1:20; DSHB), mouse anti-Discs Large (1:20; DSHB), rabbit anti-GFP (1:200; Invitrogen), mouse anti-V5 (1:5000; Invitrogen), rabbit anti-Apc2 (1:1000; [75 (link)]), and guinea pig anti-Senseless (1:1000, [76 (link)]).
The secondary antibodies used for immunoblotting were: goat anti-rabbit HRP conjugate (1:10000, Biorad), goat anti-mouse HRP conjugate (1:10000, Biorad), and goat anti-guinea pig HRP conjugate (1:10000, Jackson ImmunoResearch). The secondary antibodies used for immunostaining were goat or donkey Alexa Fluor 488, 555 or Cy5 conjugates (1:400; Invitrogen).
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