Subjects were comfortably seated in an adjustable armchair with a headrest. The left M1 target coordinates were individually localized in each subject based on hand knob location in T1-weighted image. This target position was marked on the subject’s anatomical MRI scan using Brainsight® (Rogue Research Inc., Montreal Quebec, Canada) software. The subject’s anatomical MRI scan was then co-registered with the subject’s head using frameless stereotaxy43 (link). The subject’s head position was assessed using the Polaris (Northern Digital, Waterloo, Canada) infra-red tracking system to measure the position of scalp landmarks (nasion, nose-tip, and intratragal notch of the left and right ears) visible on the subject’s MRI. The TMS coil was placed over the target brain area. The root mean square of difference between the co-registered anatomical landmarks estimated by the neuronavigation software was limited below 2 mm for each subject for improving accuracy. After anatomic co-registration, a figure-of-eight coil was placed tangentially to the scalp in an orientation inducing a posterior-anterior current perpendicular to the main course of the central sulcus. The individual coil positioning parameters were stored in the neuronavigation software.
Polaris
Manufactured by Northern Digital
Sourced in Canada
The Polaris is a high-precision optical tracking system designed for use in a variety of laboratory and research applications. It utilizes infrared cameras and specialized markers to accurately track the position and orientation of objects within a defined workspace. The Polaris system provides real-time data on the spatial coordinates of the tracked objects, enabling researchers to precisely monitor and analyze their movements.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using polaris
1
Navigated TMS for M1 Localization
2
Navigated Liver Resection with Customized Software
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The proposed system is based on the CAS-One (CAScination AG, Switzerland) navigation system for liver surgery, which is equipped with the Polaris (Northern Digital, Canada) optical tracking system and the FlexFocus 800 (BK Medical, Denmark) ultrasound (US) system (Fig. 1 ). The US probe is tracked with an optical marker shield and calibrated preoperatively using a z-wire phantom [19] (link). Another marker shield can be attached to any type of cylindrical instrument, such as pointer, electrocautery or CUSA, and calibrated with a dedicated calibration device [20] .
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The navigation system in a demo setup with the optical tracking camera, the navigation screens, the navigated instruments and the operator.
3
Multimodal Imaging with fxPET/MRI
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The fxPET was set in an existing MR unit, in which 1.5-T MR scanner; Excelart Vantage (Canon Medical Systems Cooperation, Otawara, Japan) was equipped (Electronic supplementary material 1b).
We also set an optical camera; Polaris (Northern Digital Inc, Ontario, Canada) in the fxPET/MRI unit. It provided the location of position markers attached to the surface of both modalities, helping better registration.
We also set an optical camera; Polaris (Northern Digital Inc, Ontario, Canada) in the fxPET/MRI unit. It provided the location of position markers attached to the surface of both modalities, helping better registration.
4
Co-registration and Infrared Tracking
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No-speech Control: No auditory stimulation. Canada) . For each participant, we performed co-registration between the participant's head and MRI using four anatomical landmarks (tip of the nose, bridge of the nose, and intertragal notch on the left and right ears), which were first identified and marked on the participant's MRI. Accuracy of co-registration was assessed visually using an infrared tracking system (Polaris, Northern Digital, Waterloo, Canada). Upon successful co-registration, infrared tracking was used throughout the experiments in order to maintain coil position during the stimulation.
5
Evaluating Surgical Guide Placement and AR Accuracy
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The surgical guide placement error and the AR point localisation error were evaluated. A set of phantom and surgical guide 3D printed models was used. These models contain 20 and 6 conical holes, respectively. Conical holes were used as reference points for registration and error measurement. An optical tracking system [Polaris, (Northern Digital, Inc., Canada)] was used as a gold-standard for the positioning measurements. A reference pointer with optical markers was used for point recording.
In addition, a qualitative assessment of the workflow and the functionality were performed during the use of the AR application in surgery by expert clinicians.
In addition, a qualitative assessment of the workflow and the functionality were performed during the use of the AR application in surgery by expert clinicians.
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