Rebelt5i

Left and right mandibles were photographed in buccal view using a Canon Rebel T5I with an 18-55mm lens. Treatment groups of images were blinded during analyses. Images were digitized in two dimensions using tpsDig232 (x86) version 2.26 (copyright 2016) according to the landmark definitions summarized in Table 2. The landmarks are placed on the apex of the coronoid process (landmark 1), at the junction of the ascending ramus and the lower second molar (landmark 2), the junction of the canine and the alveolar bone (landmark 3), the mandibular symphysis (landmark 4), along inferior edge of the jaw (landmarks 5 and 6), the apex of the angular process (landmark 7), between the angular and condyloid processes (landmark 8), the condyloid process (landmark 9), and between the condyloid and coronoid processes (landmark 10). The number and position of landmarks were chosen to optimize shape descriptions and accuracy, while minimizing type I statistical error. Intra-observer error was tested using a repeated stack of randomly selected images. Periodontal disease was quantified by the number of teeth affected by degradation of alveolar bone. In addition to periodontitis, many foxes had sub-canine porosity of the mandibular corpus around the medial mental foramen. This was quantified according to relative severity (Figure 1).