APIs: sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and paracetamol (PRC) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (UK). Furosemide (FRS), itraconazole (ITZ) and dipyridamole (DPL) were obtained from VWR (UK). Ibuprofen (IBU), carbamazepine (CBZ) and metformin (MTF) were obtained from Fagron (UK). Excipients: HPMC-Sigma was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (UK). Pharmacoat 606 and Pharmacoat 615 were obtained from Shinetsu (Japan). Chemicals: acetic acid (> 99.7%), hydrochloric acid 36.5–38%, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol, HPLC grade acetonitrile, dichloromethane, pepsin (from porcine) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (UK). Maleic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium phosphate monobasic, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate, disodium hydrogen orthophosphate dihydrate, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, anhydrous sodium sulfate, HPLC grade trifluoroacetic acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (UK). Sodium taurocholate (Prodotti Chimici Alimentari S.P.A., Italy), egg lecithin–Lipoid EPCS (Lipoid GmbH, Germany), were obtained from the sources specified. Water was ultra-pure (Milli-Q) laboratory grade. Filters: Whatman® 13 mm cellulose nitrate filters 0.45 μm pore size and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 13 mm filter 0.45 μm pore size were purchased from Fisher Scientific (UK).
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate
Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific
Sourced in United Kingdom, Australia
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate is a chemical compound with the formula KH2PO4. It is a crystalline solid that is commonly used as a buffer solution, pH adjuster, and nutrient in various laboratory and industrial applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (12 mentions)
Agarose, by Vivantis Technologies (6 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
D glucose, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Phosphoric acid, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Tego care 450, by Evonik (2 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Potassium chloride (kcl), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Avantor (2 mentions)
N heptane, by HiMedia (2 mentions)
Mannitol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Potassium phosphate monobasic, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Anhydrous sodium sulfate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
24 protocols using potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate
1
In vitro Biopharmaceutical Characterization
2
Posaconazole and Itraconazole Quantification
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Posaconazole was purchased from Selleckchem (Houston, TX, USA). Itraconazole was a kind gift from Nifty Labs PVT Ltd., Hyderabad, India. HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific UK Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK), analytical grade potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (Riedel-de-Haën, Germany), and high purity distilled water were used. Noxafil 40 mg/mL oral suspension (Patheon Inc., Ontario, Canada, BN 3005A) was purchased from Schering-Plough S.A.
3
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Analysis
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The various reagents used throughout this project were purchased from suppliers as follows. TPC analysis: Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (2N, R and M Chemicals, Essex, UK), gallic acid (98%, Fluka, Steinheim, France), anhydrous sodium carbonate (99%, J. Kollin, UK), diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (90%, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), ferric reducing power (FRP) assay: ferric chloride hexa-hydrate (100%, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK), potassium ferricyanide (99%, Unilab, Auburn, Australia), trichloroacetic acid (99.8%, HmbG Chemicals, Barcelona, Spain), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (99.5%, Fisher Scientific), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (99%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), iron chloride (99%, RandM Chemicals), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assay: ferrozine (98%, Acros Organics, Morris Plains, NJ, USA), ferrous sulphate hepta-hydrate (HmbG Chemicals), ethylenediaminetetraacetic (99.5%, Bendosen Laboratory Chemicals, Bendosen, Norway), potassium acetate (99%, R and M chemicals), rutin (98%, Sigma), phytochemical screening: sulfuric acid (95%–97%, HmBG Chemicals), hydrochloric acid (37%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), Dragendorff reagent (Fluka), α-naphthol (99%, Sigma), antimicrobial activity: nutrient broth (Oxoid, Hampshire, England), nutrient agar (Oxoid, Hampshire, England), and vancomycin (Sigma).
4
Formulation and Characterization of CBD-Loaded Lipid Nanocarriers
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Cetyl palmitate (CP) was obtained from SABO S.p.A. (Levate (BG), Italy). Labrafac lipophile WL1340 (medium chain triglycerides, MCT) and Transcutol® P (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) were gifts from Gattafossé (Cedex, France). Tego® Care 450 (TG450, polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose distearate) was obtained from Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany). Poloxamer 188 (P188) was provided by BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Tween 20 and oleic acid (OA) were obtained from Croda (Singapore). CBD extract (87% CBD purity) was purchased from Greenleaf (Bangkok, Thailand). Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O55:B5 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Missouri, USA). Sodium chloride was acquired from Carlo Erba Reagenti (Cornaredo MI, Italy). Phosphoric acid and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Methanol was of HPLC grade.
5
Mitochondrial Function Evaluation Protocol
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Minimum essential medium with Earl's salt and L-glutamine, RPMI 1640 medium with L-glutamine, fetal bovine serum, Pen-Strep (10 000 U/ml penicillin, 10 mg/ml streptomycin), trypsin 10× were supplied by GIBCO, Invitrogen (Auckland, New Zealand). JC-1 was purchased from Molecular Probes, Invitrogen (Oregon, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hydrochloric acid 37%, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and 2-propanol were purchased from Merck (Hohenbrunn, Germany). Ethylene glycolbis(aminoethylether)-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen carbonate, disodium hydrogen orthophosphate anhydrous, sucrose and Tris were purchased Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK). Thiazoyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Amresco (Ohio, USA). Saline (0.9% sodium chloride) was obtained from Duopharma Sdn. Bhd. (Selangor, Malaysia). Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was purchased from Sigma (Steinheim, Germany). Protein assay dye reagent concentrate was obtained from Bio-Rad Laboratories (California, USA). Complex I, Complex II, Complex IV and ATP synthase enzyme activity microplate assay kit were purchased from MitoSciences (Oregon, USA).
6
Dissolution of Flurbiprofen Lozenges
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The test product was Strefen honey and lemon lozenges (Reckitt-Benckiser Ltd., Slough, UK). Each lozenge contained 8.75 mg of flurbiprofen, demonstrated to be the lowest effective dose providing symptomatic relief of sore throat in dose-ranging studies. Each lozenge was dissolved in 10 mL artificial saliva (mucin, type III: partially purified from porcine stomach (M1778, Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (P/4800/50, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) and sodium hydrogen carbonate (S/4240/53, Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)) in a 50 mL tube and placed on a shaker for approximately 45 min at room temperature. Addition of 10 mL cell culture media resulted in a flurbiprofen concentration of 0.44 mg/mL (total volume 20 mL). The positive control was citrate buffer at pH 3.5 (hVivo Ltd., London, UK).
7
Optimized Ibuprofen Drug Delivery Formulation
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CP was obtained from SABO S.p.A. (Levate (BG), Italy). Softisan® 378 (S378, caprylic/capric/myristic/stearic triglycerides) and Miglyol 812 (M812, caprylic/capric triglycerides) were purchased from Sasol GmbH (Hamburg, Germany). Tego®Care 450 (TG450, polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose distearate) was gifted from Evonik Industries AG (Essen, Germany). Poloxamer 188 (P188) was gifted from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Ibuprofen was purchased from HuBei Granules-Biocause Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Hubei, China). Sodium chloride was acquired from Carlo Erba Reagenti (Cornaredo MI, Italy). Phosphoric acid and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Acetone, chloroform, and methanol were of analytical and HPLC grade.
8
Study of Sorption Behavior of Diverse Pharmaceuticals
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Twenty-one study pharmaceuticals covering thirteen therapeutic classes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) (purity ≥98%). Pharmaceuticals were chosen to represent a broad range of both hydrophobicity characteristics (-0.08 < Log Kow < 4.79) and ionisation states at environmentally relevant pH values (-1.6 < pKa < 14.3). Study compounds were also selected whose half-lives in soil indicated that degradation would not occur over the duration of the sorption studies. Information on the physico-chemical properties, half-lives and CAS number of each compound is provided in Table SI 1. HPLC grade methanol (99.9%), acetonitrile (99.9%), acetone (≥99.5%) and water as well as calcium chloride dihydrate, and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). Analytical grade phosphoric acid solution (≥85%) and formic acid (≥95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK).
9
Gefitinib Permeability in Caco-2 Cells
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Gefitinib (ZD) (ZD1839) was purchased from Med Chem Express Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The Caco-2 cell line, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), foetal bovine serum (FBS), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, l-glutamine-penicillin-streptomycin solution, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Eagle’s minimum essential medium (EMEM), trypsin-EDTA solution, trypan blue solution (0.4%), neutral red and actinomycin D were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Acetone, sodium hydroxide and absolute ethanol were obtained from VWR International (Leicestershire, UK). Hydrochloric acid, Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, acetic acid glacial and Nunclon 96-well microplates were purchased from Fisher Scientific UK Ltd. (Loughborough, UK). Eudragit S 100 was provided by Evonik Röhm Gmbh (Essen, Germany). Kollidon K 30 (PVP) was kindly donated by BASF SE (Ludwigshafen, Germany). HPMC 603 (HPMC) was kindly given by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan).
10
Chromatographic Analysis of Pharmaceuticals
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Amitriptyline hydrochloride (≥98% purity), atenolol (≥98%), cimetidine (≥98%), diltiazem hydrochloride (≥99%) and mefenamic acid (≥98%) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (UK), (Table 1). The solvents used, including methanol (high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gradient grade), acetonitrile (gradient grade) and HPLC grade water were purchased from Fisher scientific (UK). Calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Fisher scientific (UK); formic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (UK).
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