Trifluoroacetic acid tfa

CS, sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), and bicinchoninic acid kits were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetonitrile were purchased from Anpel (Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and fetal bovine serum were purchased from Gibco (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). BAY 55-9837 was obtained from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). The internal standard, thymopentin (TP-5) Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr, was purchased from the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University. All of the solvents used were of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade, and Milli-Q water was used in all of the experiments.

S. uncinata was provided by Qiancaoyuan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Yunnan, China). DEAE-52 cellulose, Sephadex G-75, and dialysis bags (3500 D) were provided by Solarbio (Beijing, China). Sodium acetate trihydrate, sodium hydroxide, and standard monosaccharides were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) were provided by ANPEL Laboratory Technologies (Shanghai) Inc. (Shanghai, China). Dextran sulfate sodium was obtained from Macklin (Shanghai, China). A bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) kit, rapid blocking solution, antibody diluent, 6× loading buffer, and marker protein (10–180 kDa) were purchased from Sevenbio (Beijing, China). Antibodies against zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), occludin, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), phospho-nuclear factor kappa-B (p-NF-κB), NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), CD86, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) were purchased from Proteintech (Wuhan, China). Vancomycin, ampicillin, metronidazole, LPS, and thiamine (THA) were purchased from MedChemExpress (Shanghai, China).