Recombinant human cytokines used in this study [CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL3L1, CCL4, CCL4L1, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CCL26, CCL27, CCL28, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12α, CXCL12β, CXCL13, CXCL14, CXCL16, XCL1, CX3CL1, interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-6Rα, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17a,
IL-18BP-Fc, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α),
TNF-β,
interferon-β (IFN-β), IFN-γ,
IFN-λ1, and
IFN-ω] from PeproTech and IFN-α2 and IL-18 from Sino Biological were reconstituted in DPBS 0.1% BSA at 10 μM, aliquoted, and stored at −80°C. Heparin (no. 2106), heparan sulfate from bovine kidney (no. H7640), chondroitin sulfate A (no. C9819), and
chondroitin sulfate B (no. C3788) were obtained from MilliporeSigma. Heparan sulfate from porcine mucosa (no. AMS.GAG-HS01) and keratan sulfate (no. AMS.CSR-NAKPS2-SHC-1) were purchased from AMSBIO. We assumed an average molecular weight of 30 kDa for heparan sulfate from porcine mucosa and 15 kDa for heparin (
37 ).
López-Muñoz A.D., Kosik I., Holly J, & Yewdell J.W. (2022). Cell surface SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein modulates innate and adaptive immunity. Science Advances, 8(31), eabp9770.