Spectrum bx spectrometer

FTIR studies were conducted using a Spectrum BX spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MS, USA). In order to acquire the spectra of analyzed nanoparticles, 1% nanopowder was mixed and ground with 99% KBr. Pellets of 10 mm diameter were prepared by pressing the powder mixture. The spectrum was taken in the range of 400 to 4000 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 4 cm⁻¹.

Optical rotations were measured in CH₂Cl₂ on a PerkinElmer 241 polarimeter by using a Na lamp. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AVANCE 600 MHz instrument equipped with a 5 mm TCI inverse detection cryoprobe. NMR spectra were obtained dissolving samples in CD₂Cl₂ (99.9%) and chemical shifts are reported relative to solvent (δ_H 5.32 and δ_C 54.0 ppm). Standard Bruker NMR pulse sequences were utilized. HR-ESI-MS data were obtained on an LCT Premier XE Micromass spectrometer. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum BX spectrometer. UV spectra was recorded in a Jasco V-560 UV/Vis spectrophotometer. EnSpire Multimode Reader (Perkin Elmer) using absorbance values of Alamar Blue reagent. TLC (Thin layer chromatography) (was visualized by UV light (254 and 365 nm).

Nuclear magnetic resonance, ¹³C NMR and ¹H
NMR, spectra were recorded in deuterated
chloroform, unless noted otherwise, on a Bruker Avance 300 MHz spectrometer.
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were recorded with
a Perkin Elmer Spectrum BX spectrometer in ATR mode. Thermogravimetric
analyses (TGA) were conducted under a N₂ atmosphere between
25 and 600 °C at a rate of 10 °C·min^–1 on a Mettler-Toledo TGA/SDTA-851 thermobalance. Three cycles of
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed between −140
and +250 °C at a heating/cooling rate of 10 K min^–1 on a 204F1/ASC Phoenix calorimeter. Gel permeation chromatography
(GPC) was performed on a PSS Security of Agilent Technologies 1260
Infinity with THF or DMF as the mobile phase. The GPC was calibrated
with a series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). A Malvern Zetasizer
Nano-S90 dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument was used to measure
the hydrodynamic diameter and size distribution of the nanoparticles
in dilute suspensions. The water contact angles were measured on films
of polymer spin-casted on glass with a DataPhysics OCA35 telescopic
goniometer.

To confirm the formation of the nanoceria, absorption wavelengths ranging from 200 to 500 nm were used to determine the UV-Vis spectrum using a Shimadzu UV-2700 spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan). Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis (Spectrum BX spectrometer, PerkinElmer Ltd., Yokohama, Japan), the functional groups in maize silk that contributed to the preparation of the nanoceria were detected and measured in the IR region of 4400–400 cm⁻¹. The analysis of XRD was conducted to determine the crystalline phase of the biogenic synthesis of CeO₂NPs using maize silk extract. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, JSM-7610F, JEOL, Massachusetts, USA) along with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were engaged in the characterization of surface morphology of the biosynthesized particles. The size and stability of the particles were assessed using zeta potential (ZP) and a dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer (dynapro1Plate Reader III, Waytt, Japan). The biogenic CeO₂NPs thermal stability was assessed using a thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) analyzer (Seiko Exstar 6300, Tokyo, Japan) within a range of temperature of 25–650 °C.

The morphology of the Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺-doped ZrO₂/CuO nanocomposites was evaluated by using a field emission scanning electronic microscope (JEOL, JSM–7600F, JEOL Techniques, Tokyo, Japan). The surface morphology and microstructure of the nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) made with a (JEOL, JEM 1010, JEOL Techniques, Tokyo, Japan) operating at 200 kV. For the TEM analyses, the powders were dispersed in ethanol by sonication for 5 min.
FT-IR was performed in the range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹ with the help of (FT-IR using a Perkin–Elmer Spectrum BX spectrometer (PerkinElmer Inc., Wellesley, MA, USA) using KBr pellets to identify the functional groups present in the sample. EDS (Hitachi TM4000Plus Tabletop Microscope(Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, Tokyo, Japan)) was the determining element in the composites. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum was recorded using a (UV–1700 PharmaSpec, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns were characterized using (XRD, D8 Advance, Bruker, Germany) a diffractometer at room temperature (Cu-Kα radiation) with a nickel filter at a scan rate of 2°/min.

The infrared spectroscopy analysis was conducted using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum BX spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer España S.L., Madrid, Spain). The test was made with 20 scans between 600 and 4000 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 32 cm⁻¹ mode using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory, indicated for samples with poor transparency.