Teriflunomide

The following chemicals were obtained from commercial sources, and were used as follows:
(i) The Wnt agonist, AMBMP hydrochloride (Tocris), used as positive control for β-catenin activation, was reconstituted into 10 mM of final concentration in 2 µl DMSO which did not exhibit any cell toxicity (not shown). (ii) AKT Inhibitor IV (Sigma) was used at the concentration of 10 μM in DMSO. (iii) For 250 nM of amlexanox (Tocris), 0.12 µl of 1 mM of stock solution (1 mg/3.35 ml DMSO) was used in 500 µl cell culture. (iv) L-tryptophan (Sigma) was reconstituted at final concentration of 0.50 mM in H₂O. (v) Human IFN-γ (Sigma, 1000 units/ml) was used in 1 ml of cell culture. (vi) L-kynurenine (Sigma) was reconstituted at a final concentration of 0.50 mM in H₂O. (vii) NAC (Sigma) was made by dissolving in H₂O for a final concentration of 5 µM. (viii) For 200 µM of melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, Sigma), 10 mg was dissolved in 430 µl ethanol, and 20 µl was used for 1 ml culture. (ix) From 10 mM of tBHP (Sigma, 1 mg/1.11 ml H₂O), 0.1 µl (1 µM) was used for 1 ml culture. (x) For 500 µM of teriflunomide (Tocris), 50 µl of the stock solution in DMSO was used in 1 ml cell culture.

Leflunomide, teriflunomide, tolvaptan and BTP2 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). Omeprazole, lansoprazole, rufinamide, prazosin hydrochloride, terazosin hydrochloride, flutamide, roflumilast and propidium iodide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Conivaptan hydrochloride was purchased from Selleckchem (distributed by Stratech, Suffolk, UK) and OAG was purchased from Cayman Chemicals (distributed by Cambridge Bioscience, Cambridge, UK). All molecules were of ≥98% purity certified by the vendors.