We employed the compounds SKF-38393 (sc-264306, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), Quinpirole (Q102, Sigma-Aldrich), SCH-23390 (D054, Sigma-Aldrich), and Haloperidol (sc-203596, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Stock solutions of SKF-38393, Quinpirole, and SCH-23390 were prepared in Mili Q water, whereas Haloperidol was dissolved in DMSO (D4540, Sigma-Aldrich). Solutions were stored at −70 ℃ with light protection until usage.
Sch23390
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, United Kingdom
SCH23390 is a laboratory reagent used for scientific research. It is a specific antagonist of the D1 dopamine receptor, and is commonly used as a tool compound in neuroscience and biochemistry studies. The core function of SCH23390 is to selectively bind to and block the activity of the D1 dopamine receptor in in vitro and in vivo experimental settings.
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Lab products found in correlation
Raclopride, by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Skf38393, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Sulpiride, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Quinpirole, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Eticlopride, by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Haloperidol, by Merck Group (8 mentions)
Quinpirole, by Bio-Techne (6 mentions)
Butaclamol, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Ketanserin, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Dopamine, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Propranolol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Acetylcholine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Clozapine, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
S way 100635, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Spiperone, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
L 741 626, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sulpiride, by Bio-Techne (3 mentions)
Skf38393, by Bio-Techne (3 mentions)
Skf81297, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Picrotoxin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
106 protocols using sch23390
1
Dopaminergic Receptor Pharmacology Protocols
2
Pharmacological Modulation of Avoidance Behavior
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For the pharmacological manipulation of avoidance behavior, the following drugs were used: (see Table 1 )Table 1
Drugs and doses used for pharmacological DA manipulation.
| Type of Drug | Intraperitoneal Injection (Name/Dose) | Intra-amygdala Injection (Name/Dose) |
|---|---|---|
| D1 agonist | NA | (SKF38393, Tocris) |
| D1 antagonist | (SCH23390, Sigma-Aldrich) | (SCH23390, Sigma-Aldrich) |
| D2 agonist | NA | (Quinpirole, Tocris) |
| D2 antagonist | (Sulpiride, Sigma-Aldrich) | (Sulpiride, Tocris) |
| Saline | Sterile Saline Solution (0.9%) | Sterile Saline Solution (0.9%) |
Abbreviations: DA: dopaminergic; NA: not applicable; D1: dopamine receptor 1; D2: dopamine receptor 2. Intra-amygdala drug dilution 1:1.
3
Targeted Pharmacological Modulation of VLO Region
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Mice were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and placed into a stereotaxic apparatus. A 33-gauge double stainless steel guide cannula (Reward, 62028, RWD Life Science Co.) with double stainless steel stylet plug (Reward, 62128, RWD Life Science Co.) was bilaterally implanted 0.6 mm above the VLO injection site.
The cannula was fixed by tissue glue and dental cement. Then, the animals were returned to their home cage and allowed to recover for 7 days. Microinjection was performed through a 33-gauge double injector cannula (Reward, 62228, RWD Life Science Co.), which protruded 0.6 mm beyond the guide cannula. HCA (DL-Homocysteic acid, Calbiochem), SKF38393, SCH23390, and quinpirole (MilliporeSigma) were dissolved in 0.9% saline. A volume of 0.6 μL per side of either vehicle or drug was injected at the rate of 0.1 μL/min. The injector cannula was left in place for an additional 2 minutes to minimize spread of the drug along the injection track.
The cannula was fixed by tissue glue and dental cement. Then, the animals were returned to their home cage and allowed to recover for 7 days. Microinjection was performed through a 33-gauge double injector cannula (Reward, 62228, RWD Life Science Co.), which protruded 0.6 mm beyond the guide cannula. HCA (DL-Homocysteic acid, Calbiochem), SKF38393, SCH23390, and quinpirole (MilliporeSigma) were dissolved in 0.9% saline. A volume of 0.6 μL per side of either vehicle or drug was injected at the rate of 0.1 μL/min. The injector cannula was left in place for an additional 2 minutes to minimize spread of the drug along the injection track.
4
Cocaine and SCH23390 Dosing Protocol
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Cocaine hydrochloride (Cocaine-HCl; Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in sterile pharmaceutical-grade 0.9% saline to 5 or 15 mg mL–1 concentrations. Cocaine-HCl doses were delivered via intraperitoneal (IP) injections in a volume of 1 mL kg–1 body weight (bw) to yield doses of 5 or 15 mg kg–1. SCH23390 (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in sterile pharmaceutical-grade 0.9% saline solution to 0.05 and 0.1 mg mL–1 concentrations, administered via IP injections in a volume of 1 mL kg–1 bw to yield doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg–1 bw. The rats were weighed the day the experimental procedures were performed.
5
Pharmacological Modulation of Dopamine Signaling
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Quinpirole, a D2 receptor agonist, (Sigma, 1mg/kg), SCH23390, a D1 receptor antagonist, (EMD Millipore, 1mg/kg), and eticlopride, a D2 receptor antagonist (1mg/kg) were used to acutely alter dopaminergic receptor signaling during in vivo optogenetic imaging experiments. Solutions were prepared fresh on the day of imaging using sterile saline. Each of these agents were injected i.p. ~15min prior to phasic optogenetic stimulation in their respective experiments.
6
Ethanol and Dopamine Receptor Modulators
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Ethanol was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and dopamine was purchased from Fujian GuTian Pharmaceutical Company (Fujian, China). All inhibitors and antagonists were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), including the following: SCH23390, a D1R antagonist; raclopride, a D2R antagonist; SCH58261, an adenosine A2A receptor (AA2AR); SQ22536, an adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor; and H-89, a PKA inhibitor (24 (link)). All drugs were dissolved in ACSF except SCH58261; SCH58261 was first dissolved in DMSO to form a stock solution, and the concentration of DMSO in the working solution was <0.1% as in a previous study (24 (link)).
7
Dopamine Perturbation of LCLs
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LCLs of the study sample were derived at Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (RUCDR)36 (link). For each LCL, we measured EBV (viral) load (copy number), viable cell count (to index growth rate), and ATP level (to index energy status) at cell harvest (for use as covariates in expression analyses), which are known to have an effect on gene expression in LCLs41 (link). For the initially processed 515 SZ cases and 692 controls, RNAseq was carried out in five large batches; further detailed methodology was previously described37 (link). For DA perturbation (the pilot on four LCLs and the large-scale RNAseq samples), we grew cells in independent wells (on 6-well plates) in the presence or absence of DA at indicated concentrations. DA perturbation lasted 24 h. To block DA effects, we pre-treated the cells with the DA receptor antagonists for 6 h before adding DA to the cell culture medium. These DA blockers included: D1-like receptor (D1 or D5) antagonist SCH23390 (200 nM; ~100-fold saturation concentration42 (link)) and D2-like receptor (D2, D3, or D4) antagonist spiperone (200 nM; ~100-fold saturation concentration43 (link)). We purchased DA, SCH23390, and spiperone from Sigma-Aldrich. We included batch as a possible confounding variable in the analysis, i.e., as a covariate.
8
Dissecting NE and DA Receptor Signaling
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The following drugs were intraperitoneally administered to dissect the relative contributions of NE and DA receptor signaling to behavior: nepicastat (100 mg/kg, DBH inhibitor) (Synosia Therapeutics, Basel, Switzerland); prazosin (0.5 mg/kg, α1AR antagonist) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); propranolol (5 mg/kg, βAR antagonist) (Sigma-Aldrich); atipamezole (1 mg/kg, α2AR antagonist) (Sigma-Aldrich), flupenthixol (0.25 mg/kg, nonspecific DA receptor antagonist) (Sigma-Aldrich); SCH-23390 (0.03) mg/kg, D1 receptor antagonist) (Sigma-Aldrich); L-741,626 (10 mg/kg, D2 receptor antagonist) (Sigma-Aldrich). Doses selected were based on previous studies and pilot experiments to control for confounding effects such as motor impairment (Lustberg et al. 2020a (link), 2022 ; Mitchell et al., 2008 (link); Pina and Cunningham 2014 (link); Yan et al., 2016 (link)). Because the 0.03 mg/kg dose of SCH-23390 suppressed general motor activity, we also tested 0.01 and 0.006 mg/kg doses. All drugs were dissolved in bacteriostatic saline except prazosin and L-741,626. prazosin was first dissolved in 1.5 % DMSO and 1.5 % Cremophor EL before being added to saline, and L-741,626 was first dissolved in 10 % ethanol and 1.5 % Cremophor EL before being added to saline. The corresponding vehicle that each drug was dissolved in was used as a control.
9
Allopregnanolone administration protocols
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AP was purchased from Tocris Bio-Techne (Minneapolis, MN, USA). For systemic injections, AP was dissolved in 2.5% DMSO, 2.5% Tween 80, and 0.9% NaCl. For intracerebral infusions, AP was dissolved in Tween 80/Ringer solution (final concentration, 1:1, v:v); AP was then infused in a solution of cyclodextrin/Ringer solution (final concentration 1:5, v:v). The 3β-epimer of AP, isoallopregnanolone (isoAP; 3β,5α, tetrahydroprogesterone) was donated by Asarina Pharma AB (Solna, Sweden) and suspended in 3% hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin for systemic injections. For intracerebral administrations, this suspension was further dissolved in Ringer solution (final concentration 1:1, v:v). SCH 23390, haloperidol, and bicuculline were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). SCH 23390, haloperidol, and bicuculline were dissolved in 10% acetic acid buffered with NaOH and diluted with 0.9% NaCl. The injection volume for all systemic administrations was 10 ml/kg in mice and 2 ml/kg in rats.
10
Neurochemical Manipulation Protocol
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Cocaine hydrochloride (Macfarlan-Smith, Edinburgh, UK) and α-flupenthixol (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) were prepared as previously described13 (link). Quinolinic acid (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and infused at 0.09 M, pH=7.4. Ibotenic acid (Abcam Biochemicals, Cambridge, UK) was dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 10 μg μl−1, pH=7.4 . The mixture of the GABA-B and GABA-A receptor agonists, baclofen, muscimol (B/M) (Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in PBS at the final concentration of 0.6 and 0.06 mM50 (link). The selective D1 and D2 receptor antagonists SCH23390 and raclopride (Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in PBS at the concentration of 0.5, 1 or 1.5 μg μl−1 and 1, 2 and 3 μg μl−1, respectively. Drug doses are reported in the salt form.
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