Standards of α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). β-Cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland. The stock solution for the standards were prepared at the concentration of 50 µg/mL of n-hexane and stored in the dark at −20 °C. Suitable volumes of each stock solution were used to prepare the working solutions.
Zeaxanthin
Manufactured by CaroteNature
Sourced in Switzerland
Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid compound that acts as a natural pigment. It is a core component found in various plant and animal species. Zeaxanthin plays a key role in the photosynthetic process and exhibits antioxidant properties.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Lutein, by CaroteNature (9 mentions)
β cryptoxanthin, by CaroteNature (7 mentions)
β carotene, by CaroteNature (7 mentions)
Violaxanthin, by CaroteNature (6 mentions)
α carotene, by CaroteNature (5 mentions)
Antheraxanthin, by CaroteNature (4 mentions)
β carotene, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Lycopene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Neoxanthin, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Methanol, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Absolute ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Butylated hydroxytoluene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
N hexane, by Avantor (2 mentions)
α tocopherol acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Micropure purification system, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
β apo 8 carotenal, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
Sodium sulfate, by Carl Roth (2 mentions)
Capsanthin, by CaroteNature (2 mentions)
14 protocols using zeaxanthin
1
Carotenoid Standards Preparation
2
Carotenoid Standards Acquisition and Purification
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Violaxanthin, neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, phytoene, β-cryptoxanthin, phytofluene, α-carotene, β-carotene, ζ-carotene, δ-carotene, γ-carotene, neurosporene and lycopene were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland). Methanol was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Tert-methyl butyl ether (MTBE), chloroform and dichloromethane were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Panoli, Gujrat, India), hexane from Sigma chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and ethanol from Hayman Ltd. (Essex, USA). All reagents were HPLC grade or higher. A Millipore Milli-Q water purification system was used to obtain high purity of water.
3
Carotenoid Standards Acquisition
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Standards of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene and α-carotene were acquired from CaroteNature (GmbH, Lupsingen, Switzerland). HPLC-grade solvents including acetonitrile, methanol and ethyl acetate were obtained from Merck (KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
4
Carotenoid Standards Synthesis and Characterization
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α-Carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and lutein-5,6-epoxide were purchased from Carote Nature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Zeinoxanthin used for standard was synthesized by Wittig condensation of C25-apocarotenal derived from commercially available α-ionone, with previously prepared C15-phosphonium salt possessing 3-hyxroxy-β-end group [33 (link)]. 1H NMR data of synthetic zeinoxanthin were identical with those reported in Reference [34 (link)].
5
Analytical Reagents for Phytochemical Analysis
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The following chemicals and reagents were used for the analyses: methanol (99.95%), acetonitrile (99.99%), and ammonium acetate, purchased from Carl Roth GmbH and Co. KG (Germany); tetrahydrofuran (99.7%) from VWR International GmbH (Germany); methyl tert-butyl ether (99.8%) from Geyer GmbH & Co. KG (Germany); formic acid (98-100%), dichloromethane (99.9%), isopropanol (99.95%), Tween 20 from Serva Electrophoresis GmbH (Germany); methyl salicylate (MeSA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) from Merck AG (Germany); C7-C40 alkanes (Supelco-49452-U), terpinenes (α, δ, ɣ), trans-β-ocimene, n-hexanal, nonanal, nerolidol, β-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, phellandrenes (α, β), β-caryophyllene and β-carotene from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany); α-carotene, (9Z)-neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin from CaroteNature GmbH (Switzerland). Lutein was isolated from Tagetes erecta by flash chromatography. After saponification, the lutein was purified and crystallized. Its structure was elucidated by NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (Baldermann, 2008 ), and compared to the authentic reference compound purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany).
6
Antioxidant Capacity Assessment Protocol
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Ammoniac (NH3), ammonium acetate, boric acid, ferulic acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, methanol, natrium hydroxide (NaOH), quercetin-3-O-glucoside, sinapic acid, and tert-butyl methyl ether were obtained from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Acetic acid, 2-propanol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), methylene chloride, potassium persulfate, and Trolox® (6-hydroxyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2carbonic acid) were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). 2,2′-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6sulfonic acid) (ABTS) was purchased from Roche Diagnostic GmbH (Mannheim, Germany) and sulfuric acid from Grüssing GmbH (Filsum, Germany). Acetonitrile was obtained from J.T. Baker (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Grießheim, Germany) and tetrahydrofurane was from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). The standards of β-carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lutein, and zeaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature® GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland) and pheophytin a from LGC Standards GmbH (Wesel, Germany).
7
Carotenoid and Tocopherol Analysis
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All chemicals were of analytical grade. Ethanol absolute was from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), butylated hydroxytoluene was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany), magnesium carbonate was from Honeywell Speciality Chemicals GmbH (Seelze, Germany) and sodium sulfate was from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Solvents for chromatography were of HPLC quality. Methanol, methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), and tetrahydrofuran were used from Chemsolute, Th. Geyer GmbH & Co. KG (Renningen, Germany), and n-hexane was purchased from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). The bidistilled water was obtained by a MicroPure purification system (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany).
The carotenoid standard substances β-apo-8′-carotenal as internal standard, lutein, and zeaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany), tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were purchased from Davos Life Sciences Pte Ltd (Singapore), and α-tocopherol acetate (internal standard) was from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany).
The carotenoid standard substances β-apo-8′-carotenal as internal standard, lutein, and zeaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany), tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were purchased from Davos Life Sciences Pte Ltd (Singapore), and α-tocopherol acetate (internal standard) was from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany).
8
Carotenoid and Tocopherol Analysis
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All chemicals were of analytical grade. Ethanol absolute was from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), butylated hydroxytoluene was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany), magnesium carbonate was from Honeywell Speciality Chemicals GmbH (Seelze, Germany) and sodium sulfate was from Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). Solvents for chromatography were of HPLC quality. Methanol, methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE), and tetrahydrofuran were used from Chemsolute, Th. Geyer GmbH & Co. KG (Renningen, Germany), and n-hexane was purchased from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). The bidistilled water was obtained by a MicroPure purification system (Fisher Scientific GmbH, Schwerte, Germany).
The carotenoid standard substances β-apo-8′-carotenal as internal standard, lutein, and zeaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany), tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were purchased from Davos Life Sciences Pte Ltd (Singapore), and α-tocopherol acetate (internal standard) was from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany).
The carotenoid standard substances β-apo-8′-carotenal as internal standard, lutein, and zeaxanthin were purchased from CaroteNature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Tocopherols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were from Calbiochem (Darmstadt, Germany), tocotrienols (α-, β-, γ-, δ-) were purchased from Davos Life Sciences Pte Ltd (Singapore), and α-tocopherol acetate (internal standard) was from Sigma Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Taufkirchen, Germany).
9
Carotenoid Extraction and HPLC Analysis
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Carotenoid pigments were extracted from 96 LA RILs and 176 FC RILs as described by Lee et al. (2021) (link) with some modifications. Pepper powder was pooled from three individual plants and 0.05 g of pooled powder was used to extract carotenoids. Samples were dissolved in 500 μl of HPLC-grade acetone (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, United States) and filtered using a 0.2-μm syringe filter (Acrodisc LC 13-mm syringe filter, PVDF membrane, Pall, NY, United States). The HPLC was performed using Ultimate3000 HPLC (Thermo Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) at the National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management (Seoul, South Korea). We analyzed seven carotenoids, capsanthin, capsorubin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and α-carotene (CaroteNature, Münsingen, Switzerland), as standards.
Carotenoid pigments were extracted from 176 FC RILs. The HPLC was performed using Ultimate3000 HPLC (Thermo Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) in the Molecular Marker and Food Ingredients Analysis Center of Agricultural Science Research Institute at Chungnam National University.
Carotenoid pigments were extracted from 176 FC RILs. The HPLC was performed using Ultimate3000 HPLC (Thermo Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) in the Molecular Marker and Food Ingredients Analysis Center of Agricultural Science Research Institute at Chungnam National University.
10
Quantification of Carotenoids and Vitamins
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The analyses of carotenoids, and vitamins A and E in internal tissues (i.e. plasma, liver, and subcutaneous fat) and colored integuments were performed by HPLC-DAD-FLD following the methods described by Rodríguez-Estival et al. (2010) (link); García-de Blas et al. (2011) (link) and García-de Blas et al. (2013) (link). Carotenoid levels are total values adding the levels of esterified and free forms for each specific pigment. Standards of lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, astaxanthin monopalmitate and astaxanthin dipalmitate were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland). Retinyl acetate (used as an internal standard) and standards of retinol and α-tocopherol were provided by Sigma-Aldrich. Carotenoid and vitamin concentrations were expressed as nmoles per gram of tissue.
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