To evaluate cardiac function in response to pulmonary emphysema and/or ghrelin therapy, echocardiography was performed at three time points: before the first elastase or saline instillation; 2 weeks after the last elastase or saline instillation; and 1 week after the last administration of saline or ghrelin. For echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function, the animals were anesthetised with inhaled sevoflurane 2%, shaved over the precordial region, and examined with a Vevo 770 system (VisualSonics®, Toronto, ON, Canada) coupled to a 30-MHz transducer. Images were obtained from the parasternal, short-axis, and long-axis views. B-dimensional parasternal short axis views of both ventricles were acquired at the level of the papillary muscles to obtain left and right ventricular areas. Pulsed-wave Doppler was used to measure pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAT), pulmonary artery ejection time (PET), and their ratio (PAT/PET), an indirect index of pulmonary arterial hypertension [23 (link)]. Left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) was calculated by the Teichholz formula. All parameters followed American Society of Echocardiography and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging recommendations [24 (link)].
Vevo 770 system
Manufactured by Fujifilm
Sourced in Canada
The Vevo 770 system is a high-resolution, real-time in vivo micro-imaging platform designed for small animal research. It utilizes high-frequency ultrasound technology to provide detailed anatomical and functional information about small animal models.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
35 mhz transducer, by Fujifilm (7 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Baxter (4 mentions)
Rmv707b scan head, by Fujifilm (3 mentions)
Vevo integrated rail system 2, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
710b 075 transducer, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Midazolam, by Pfizer (2 mentions)
30 mhz frequency mechanical transducer, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Rmv 710b, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
30 mhz probe, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Rmv 706, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Visualsonics, by Fujifilm (2 mentions)
Isoflurane inhalation, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
25 mhz transducer, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Mylabtm30, by Esaote (1 mentions)
1.4f conductance micromanometer catheter, by Millar (1 mentions)
Powerlab data acquisition system, by ADInstruments (1 mentions)
Labchart pro software, by ADInstruments (1 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
35mhz rmv scan head, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
Ms 400 transducer, by Fujifilm (1 mentions)
104 protocols using vevo 770 system
1
Cardiac Function Assessment in Emphysema and Ghrelin Therapy
2
Echocardiographic Analysis of Cardiac Function
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An echocardiographic study was performed at day 5 after the MI procedure using a Vevo770 system (Visual Sonics Inc.) with 17.5-MHz transducers as described previously [20 (link)]. The rats were anesthetized with 7% chloral hydrate (35 mg/kg i.p; n =6 per group) and placed in the supine position. A cardiologist who was blinded to the drug treatment evaluated the cardiac function of the rats. The left ventricular internal dimension in systole (LVIDs), left ventricular internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular anterior wall in systole (LVAWs), left ventricular anterior wall in diastole (LVAWd), left ventricular posterior wall in systole (LVPWs), left ventricular posterior wall in diastole (LVPWd), left ventricular volume in systole (LVs), left ventricular volume in diastole (LVd), ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) were measured using the M-mode tracings of the high-resolution electrocardiograph system.
3
Comprehensive Cardiac and Vascular Assessment in Mice
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After anesthetized by isoflurane (Veterinary Anesthesia Systems, America), all the mice were detected by ultrasonic cardiogram (Visualsonics Vevo 770 system, Canada) with 40 MHz frequency scratching unit before sacrificed. These parameters of heart rate (HR), left ventricular diastolic end diameter, and left ventricular systolic end diameter were harvested. And then, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were calculated as previously described so as to evaluate heart function.[8 (link)] Meanwhile, aortic peak systolic flow velocity (PSV), end diastolic flow velocity (EDV), and mean flow velocity (MFV) were measured, and subsequently, pulsatility index (PI) and resistant index (RI) were calculated in order to evaluate the vascular elasticity and resistance using the following formula: PI = (PSV − EDV)/MFV; RI = (PSV − EDV)/PSV.
4
Cardiac Function Analysis in Mice
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The mice were anesthetized using isoflurane inhalation (Sigma-Aldrich). Cardiac function was analyzed using the Vevo 770 system (VisualSonics, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). The heart images were acquired in 2D mode in the parasternal short-axis view. The echocardiographic parameters were acquired in triplicate in M-mode for all the mice.
5
Assessment of Cardiac Function in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension
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Under isoflurane anesthesia (1.5%), M-mode echocardiography was performed before, 2 wks, and 4 wks after the initiation of Ang II infusion (Vevo770 System, VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada). Diastolic measurements of inter-ventricular septum (IVSd), LV internal dimension (LVIDd), LV posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), and systolic measurement of LV internal dimension (LVIDs) were obtained. The LV shortening fraction (%LVSF) was calculated as below:
6
Ultrasound-Based Pulmonary Pressure Measurement
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Anaesthesia of rats was induced in a chamber (2–4% isoflurane mixed with 0.2 L/min 100% O2) and maintained with a face mask (1-2% isoflurane with 0.2 L/min 100% O2). Animals were kept on a heated table mounted on a rail system (Visual Sonics, Toronto, Canada). Ultrasound was performed with the Vevo 770 System and a 25 MHz transducer (VisualSonics). Heart rate was monitored; body temperature was monitored using a rectal probe and maintained at 37°C. Two-dimensional images of the pulmonary valve were obtained from the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve and pulsed-wave Doppler recordings of the blood flow at the tips of the cusps of the pulmonary valve were obtained with the beam oriented parallel to the flow. The sweep speed for the Doppler flow recordings was 400–800 mm/s. Pulmonary arterial acceleration time (PAT) was measured and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (sPAP) was calculated as described [38 (link)].
7
Ultrasound Analysis of Rat Liver
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To perform the liver ultrasound analyses, the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane 2%. After abdominal hair was shaved, rats were positioned supine on a heated table. A sound conductive gel (Carbogel®, Brazil) was applied to the animal and the ultrasound examination was performed with the aid of the VEVO 770 system (VisualSonics, Canada) coupled to a 30 MHz transducer and the MyLabTM30 cardiovascular system (Esaote, Italy) coupled to a transducer 7.5–10 Mhz. The aspect and echogenicity of the hepatic parenchyma, their relationship with the renal cortex, the portal vein diameter, area and transverse diameter of the liver were analysed. The same experienced technical observer performed all tests without knowing the experimental groups to which they belonged.
8
Echocardiographic Analysis of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
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To assess approximate time frames of the progression and resolution of PH echocardiographic analysis was performed at two-week intervals using a high-resolution in vivo microimaging Vevo770 system (Visual-Sonics). Care was taken to follow the guidelines for measuring cardiac physiology in rats established by the American Physiological Society.10 (link)
For each analysis, rats were anesthetized via an isoflurane/O2 mixture with induction at 4% and maintenance between 1.5% and 3%, and body temperature was maintained at 37°C via a heated surgical pad. As described by Cavasin et al.,11 (link)
pulse-wave Doppler imaging of the pulmonary outflow was recorded in the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve. Animals were then monitored during the recovery from anesthesia; upon full recovery, they were returned to their respective housing
For each analysis, rats were anesthetized via an isoflurane/O2 mixture with induction at 4% and maintenance between 1.5% and 3%, and body temperature was maintained at 37°C via a heated surgical pad. As described by Cavasin et al.,11 (link)
pulse-wave Doppler imaging of the pulmonary outflow was recorded in the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the aortic valve. Animals were then monitored during the recovery from anesthesia; upon full recovery, they were returned to their respective housing
9
Echocardiography Imaging for Cardiac Function
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Echocardiography was performed using a Vevo 770 system (VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, Canada) under anesthesia with inhalation of 1.5% isoflurane-O2. During the scan, the rats were positioned in a left lateral decubitus form, and left ventricular (LV) M-mode and two-dimensional images were obtained by parasternal short axis view at the papillary muscle level. The parasternal long axis views were obtained and recorded to ensure that visualization of the mitral and aortic valves and the apex was visualized. The transmission frequency was 10 MHz, the depth 2.5 cm, and the frame rate was 225-350 frames per second. The heart rate was recorded as the R-R interval of the electrocardiogram signal. The left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESd) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDd) were measured from the M-mode tracing. The ejection fraction (EF%) was calculated as EF% = [(LVEDd3 − LVESd3)/LVDD3]∗100, and the shortening fraction (FS%) used the following equation: FS% = [(LVEDd − LVESd)/LVEDd]∗100. All measurements were made by a single observer blinded to the groups of experiments. An average of three consecutive measurements of each variable was used for further analysis.
10
Echocardiographic Assessment of LV Function
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At 4 and 8 weeks post-STZ administration, LV ejection fraction (LVEF), fractional shortening (FS), and other heart-function measurements were determined by echocardiography on long-axis views with a Vevo 770 system (VisualSonics) in B mode with the use of a 707B series real-time microvisualization scanhead probe.
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