Copper 2 gluconate

1-Palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(Lyso-PPC), 1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(Lyso-SPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC),
1,2-disteraroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC),
1-myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (MPPC),
1-myristoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (MSPC),
and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy
polyetheneglycol-2000 (DSPE-PEG2k) were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc.
(Alabaster, AL). Triethanolamine (TEOA) and copper (II) gluconate were purchased
from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Gemcitabine hydrochloride was purchased from LC
Laboratories (Woburn, MA).
KPC (mT4) cells were a gift from Dr. David Tuveson (Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY). KPC cells were cultured in
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing 4500 mg/L glucose,
L-glutamine and sodium pyruvate (# 11995, Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and
supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin–streptomycin.
The neu deletion (NDL) metastatic mammary carcinoma cell line
was a gift from Dr. Alexander Borowsky (University of California- Davis, Davis,
CA). NDL cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM, supplemented with 10% fetal
bovine serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, 0.584 g/L L-glutamine and 0.110 g/L
sodium pyruvate. All cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified 5%
CO₂ incubator.

1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (MPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (DPPA), 1,2 distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-Methoxypolyethyleneglycol-2000 (DSPE-PEG2k), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-Methoxypolyethyleneglycol-5000 (DPPE-PEG5k) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. (Alabaster, AL). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (USP grade), fatty acid- and globulin-free bovine serum albumin, copper (II) gluconate, ammonium sulfate, and triethanolamine (TEA) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Prohance was purchased from Merry X-Ray (Sacramento, CA). IRDye 800CW NHS ester was obtained from LI-COR Biosciences (Lincoln, NE). The neu deletion (NDL) metastatic mammary carcinoma cell line was obtained from the Alexander Borowsky Laboratory (UC Davis) [39 (link), 40 (link)]. TCC-SUP tumorigenic human bladder cancer cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (HTB-5, Manassas, VA).