EEG signals were recorded using a 16-channel amplifier (Brain Products V-Amp), mounted on an electrode cap equipped with Ag/AgCl electrodes. The Brain Vision Recorder (Brain Products GmbH) software was used for the EEG study. Electrode impedance was kept below 5 kΩ, and the EEG recording sampling rate was 500 Hz. Electrodes were online referenced to FCz and offline re-referenced with a common offline reference over all electrodes. One electrode was placed at the outer canthus of the right eye and used to monitor eye movements. Trials contaminated by eye movements and other artifacts were rejected. The signal was filtered offline (0.01–50 Hz, 24 dB), and the threshold for artifact rejection was set at >|125| μV. Ocular rejection was performed through independent component analysis (ICA). ERP epochs included a 100 ms pre-stimulus baseline correction and a 500 ms post-stimulus segmentation. The averages were calculated for each odorant segmentation. OERP components were labeled N1 and P3 according to Pause et al. [35 (link)]. Latency windows were set to 150–300 ms for the N1, and 300–500 ms for the P3.
V amp
Manufactured by Brain Products
Sourced in Germany
The V-Amp is a high-performance amplifier system developed by Brain Products for recording and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data. It provides the essential functionality for capturing and processing EEG signals with a focus on maintaining data quality and reliability.
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10 protocols using v amp
1
EEG Protocol for Olfactory Event-Related Potentials
2
EEG Data Acquisition and Analysis
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For the recording of EEG signal, two 12-channel EEG systems (V-AMP: Brain Products, München) were used by placing the electrodes in AFF1h, Fz, AFF2h, FFC3h, FFC4h, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, P4 positions. Two ElectroCap electrode with Ag/AgCl electrodes were used to record EEG.
Specifically, data acquisition took place with a sampling frequency of 500 Hz, a frequency band of 0.01–40 Hz and an impedance below 5 kΩ. After visually evaluating the signal, ocular, muscle, and movement artifacts were rejected after data segmentation by visual inspection. Baseline and condition-specific average power spectra were computed starting from artifact-free segments (Fast Fourier Transform: resolution = 0.5 Hz; periodic Hanning window). The EEG data were subsequently filtered in the past band in the frequency band: delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (14–20 Hz). For each EEG channel (Ch), a calculation of the average individual power value was made for each experimental condition. Before pre-gift training condition, after the 120-s baseline record, subjects were given a familiarization task.
Specifically, data acquisition took place with a sampling frequency of 500 Hz, a frequency band of 0.01–40 Hz and an impedance below 5 kΩ. After visually evaluating the signal, ocular, muscle, and movement artifacts were rejected after data segmentation by visual inspection. Baseline and condition-specific average power spectra were computed starting from artifact-free segments (Fast Fourier Transform: resolution = 0.5 Hz; periodic Hanning window). The EEG data were subsequently filtered in the past band in the frequency band: delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (14–20 Hz). For each EEG channel (Ch), a calculation of the average individual power value was made for each experimental condition. Before pre-gift training condition, after the 120-s baseline record, subjects were given a familiarization task.
3
Evaluating Breathing Patterns with MAD
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Participants were instructed to stop their MAD treatment 10 days before this experimental evaluation. The whole experiment was done while awake. Patients were sitting down on an inclinable chair, in a 45 degrees semi‐recumbent position, legs in decline position and with a cervical collar maintaining neck in neutral position. Once settled in a comfortable position, patients were instructed to score their breathing sensations on a visual analog scale (VAS) (see below).
We equipped them with a 32 electrodes EEG cap (Acticap, Brain Products, Germany) connected to an EEG preamplifier (V‐Amp, Brain Products, Germany) from which the signals were digitized at 2000 Hz. Simultaneously, a nasal canula recorded ventilatory signal by differential pressure transduction (DP15 Pressure Sensor ADInstruments, NZ), digitalized at 200 Hz (Powerlab 16/30, ADInstruments, NZ).
We recorded two breathing conditions, each lasting 20 min, one without MAD (natural breathing), the second while wearing the MAD.
We equipped them with a 32 electrodes EEG cap (Acticap, Brain Products, Germany) connected to an EEG preamplifier (V‐Amp, Brain Products, Germany) from which the signals were digitized at 2000 Hz. Simultaneously, a nasal canula recorded ventilatory signal by differential pressure transduction (DP15 Pressure Sensor ADInstruments, NZ), digitalized at 200 Hz (Powerlab 16/30, ADInstruments, NZ).
We recorded two breathing conditions, each lasting 20 min, one without MAD (natural breathing), the second while wearing the MAD.
4
Visual Cortex EEG Analysis via SSVEP and P300
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This paper used the V-amp (Brain Products, German) EEG instrument to collect the subject EEG signal. The experiments were done based on the 4-20 Hz bandpass filtering frequency range. The EEG signal was acquired with 500 Hz sampling rate. Five electrodes were placed at P3, Pz, P4, O1, and O2 according to the 10/20 system. P3, Pz, P4, O1, and O2 are channels that respond to visual stimuli. The acquired EEGs were used for the phase lag analyses of SSVEP and P300 recognitions. Five electrodes were distributed in the occipital area. A reference electrode was placed at FCz, and a ground electrode was placed at AFz according to the recommended placement of the EasyCap (Standard Cap for V-amp, German). The system architecture is shown in Figure 6 .
5
Startle Response Electromyographic Recording
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Startle responses were digitally amplified (V-Amp, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) and recorded at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz (Brain Vision Recorder, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany). We used two surface electromyographic electrodes at the left orbicularis oculi muscle as well as ground and reference electrodes placed at the mastoids.
6
EEG Protocol with Facial Monitoring
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The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes attached to the scalp at the F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4 locations according to the International 10-20 System.
The common reference electrode was placed on the tip of the nose and the ground electrode on the forehead. . Eye movements were monitored by measuring the voltage between an electrode placed lateral to the outer canthus of the left eye and an electrode placed at the 10-20 location termed Fp1. EEG was digitized with 24 bit resolution at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz by a directcoupled amplifier (V-Amp, Brain Products GmbH, Munich, Germany). The signals were on-line low-pass filtered at 110 Hz.
The common reference electrode was placed on the tip of the nose and the ground electrode on the forehead. . Eye movements were monitored by measuring the voltage between an electrode placed lateral to the outer canthus of the left eye and an electrode placed at the 10-20 location termed Fp1. EEG was digitized with 24 bit resolution at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz by a directcoupled amplifier (V-Amp, Brain Products GmbH, Munich, Germany). The signals were on-line low-pass filtered at 110 Hz.
7
EEG Recording with 10-20 System
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EEG was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes attached to the scalp at the F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4 locations according to the International 10-20 System (Jasper 1958) . The common reference electrode was placed on the tip of the nose and the ground electrode on the forehead.
Eye movements were monitored bipolarly between an electrode placed lateral to the outer canthus of left eye and Fp1. EEG was recorded with 24 bit resolution at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz by a direct-coupled amplifier (V-Amp, Brain Products, Munich, Germany). The signals were on-line low-pass filtered at 110 Hz.
Eye movements were monitored bipolarly between an electrode placed lateral to the outer canthus of left eye and Fp1. EEG was recorded with 24 bit resolution at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz by a direct-coupled amplifier (V-Amp, Brain Products, Munich, Germany). The signals were on-line low-pass filtered at 110 Hz.
8
EEG Acquisition with 10-20 System
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EEG was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes attached to the scalp at the F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz and P4 locations according to the International 10-20 System. The common reference electrode was placed on the tip of the nose and the ground electrode on the forehead. Eye movements were monitored by measuring the voltage between an electrode placed lateral to the outer canthus of left eye and Fp1. EEG was recorded with 24 bit resolution at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz by a direct-coupled amplifier (V-Amp, Brain Products, Munich, Germany). The signals were on-line filtered with a low-pass filter with 110 Hz high cutoff frequency.
9
Respiratory Monitoring via Pneumatic Sensor
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Participants' respiratory movements were recorded by using an air-tube pneumatic sensor connected to a direct-current amplifier (Respiration Belt, Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany). The respiratory sensor was attached around each participant's abdomen with an elastic belt. The signal was recorded by using a V-Amp (Brain Products GmbH, Gilching, Germany) at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz, with an online filter of DC-200 Hz.
10
Cognitive Processes in Decision-Making: An EEG Study
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The experimental software recorded response time (elapsed time from fixation cross colour change to button press, in milliseconds) and square choice on each trial, including the choice ranking (rank 1 -4, where 1 was the "best" choice and 4 was the "worst" choice). EEG data were recorded from 16 electrode locations (Fp1, F3, Fz, FCz, C3, P3, O1, O2, P4, Pz, Cz, C4, F4, Fp2, left mastoid, and right mastoid) in a fitted cap (standard 10-20 layout) using Brain Vision Recorder software (Version 1.20, Brain Products, GmbH, Munich, Germany) The vertical electrooculogram was recorded from an electrode placed above the right eye (electrode site Fp2). Electrode impedances were kept below 20 kΩ. The EEG data were sampled at 1000 Hz using active electrodes and amplified (V-Amp, Brainproducts, GmbH, Munich, Germany: 0 -500 Hz bandwidth, 24-bit A/D conversion).
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