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7 protocols using stepone rt pcr instrument

1

Quantifying ET-1 Signaling Genes in TMOb Cells

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TMOb cells grown on six‐well plates (±big ET‐1) were bathed in 1 mL TRIzol (Invitrogen) on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15. The average of each well of a six‐well plate was determined for each time point. Technical replicates for each sample were performed in triplicate and repeated at least twice. Plates were shaken for 10 min at room temperature and RNA was isolated from the TRIzol reagent using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA concentrations were determined using a Synergy 2 plate reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT) according to the manufacturer's Take 3 protocol. Forty microliters of cDNA per sample was synthesized using the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio‐Rad, Hercules, CA) and 2 μg of total RNA according to the manufacturer's protocol. Messenger RNA levels were measured by the ΔΔCt method using GAPDH as a reference. Real‐time PCRs were performed in a StepOne RT‐PCR instrument (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA) using TaqMan (Life Technologies) assays according to the manufacturers' instructions. Assay IDs are shown in Table 1. Time courses were analyzed by two‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA. The identification of which ET signaling axis genes were present in TMOb cells was performed by dichotomous absence/presence qPCR.
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2

Quantification of nimA Gene Copy Number

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Copy numbers of the nimA gene in B. fragilis 638R/pIP417 was determined by the ΔΔCT method using SYBR Green detection, the housekeeping glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (gap) gene as reference and the pIP417 repA and nimA genes as target genes. Copies of the nimA gene in clones of 638R/pIP417 adapted to 2 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL metronidazole, respectively (adaptation to metronidazole having been carried out as described above), were measured using unchallenged B. fragilis 638R/pIP417 as the control. Samples were prepared by the boiling method (Sóki et al., 2013 (link)) and the primers used were as follows: gap: gapd1BF 5’-AGCCATTGTAGCAGCTTTTT-3’ and gapd3BF 5’-GAAAACATCATCCCGTCT-3’, repA417: repA417-1 5’-TGAGCAACCAGAAAACTC-3’ and repA417-2 5’-TTTTTGCAGCATCCACAA-3’ and nimA: nimART1 5’-GTTCCTGCCGAGTTTACAAC-3’ and nimART2 5’-GATGGTCGAATCCCTTGTCT-3’. The PCR reactions included 5 μL SYBR Select mastermix (LifeTechnologies), 0.7 μM primers, and 1 μL of template preparations in 10 μL of final volumes in triplicate in 48-well PCR plates. Amplifications (95 °C 10 min; 95 °C 15 s, 57 °C 15 s, 72 °C 30 s, 35x and a melting curve from 72 °C to 95 °C) and analysis was made in the StepOne RT-PCR instrument (LifeTechnologies) and by the accompanying software (StepOne Software 2.1, LifeTechnologies).
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3

Genotyping Transgenic Mouse Lines

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DNA was isolated from tail snips and tissue samples using the IBI genomic DNA mini kit (Peosta, IA USA) following manufacturer’s protocol. For the PCR reaction, we used Failsafe PCR system (Epicentre Technologies, Madison WI) with PreMix J for the (mT/mG transgene) and Premix H for Ece1flox allele genotyping.
The mT/mG transgene and Cre-ERT2 allele were identified by PCR from tail DNA preparations. Ece1 KOMP, Ece1flox and Ece1Δ alleles were genotyped by PCR using tail and tissue DNA preparations. The list of primers and PCR setting is summarized in Table 1.
The transgene containing the Cre allele was identified by quantitative Real-time PCR reactions, performed in a StepOne RT-PCR instrument (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) using TaqMan assay (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) following manufacturer’s recommended protocol. The TaqMan copy number assay is Mr00635245_cn (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA).
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4

Comprehensive Gene Expression Analysis in Adipose Tissue

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Total RNA was extracted from SAT and VAT using an RNA purification kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) and from BAT and cell cultures using TRIzol Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
qRT-PCR was carried out in 20 µl reactions using a StepOne RT-PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, Monza, Italy)37 (link). The expression of the following genes was assessed using the TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems) reported in Supplementary Table 2: Lgals3; the pre-adipocyte marker and adipogenesis inhibitor Dlk1; the adipogenic transcription factors Cebpa, Cebpb and Pparg; the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2; the lipogenic factors Srebf1, Acaca, Fasn, and Fabp4; the adipokines Lep, Adipoq, and Cfd; the markers of browning Cidea, Ppara and, in BAT, Ucp1; the cell cycle regulator Ccnd1; the insulin signaling mediators Insulin Receptor (Irs1), Irs1, and Slc2a4; the inflammatory cytokines Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Ccl2; the macrophage marker Cd68; the ER stress markers Hspa5, Ddit3, and Xbp1; and the fibrosis markers Fn1, Cola1a1, Cola4a1, and Cola6a1. Amplifications were normalized to the β-actin gene (Actb) and quantitation was performed using the ΔΔCT calculation, where results were expressed as arbitrary units or fold of control mean (WT mouse and untreated WT cells) to control for unwanted sources of variation.
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5

Quantifying Microglia Inflammatory Markers

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Total RNA of microglia was extracted after 24 h stimulation in the presence or absence of ABPPk pretreatment using RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, CA, USA), then cDNA was synthesized from total RNA by reverse transcription using Omniscript RT kit (QIAGEN) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. qPCR was carried out in the Stepone RT-PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) using SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). The housekeeping gene Gapdh was served as an internal control. Primers were designed and synthesized by GENEray Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The primer sequences were as follows: IL-1β, F: GAGAGCATCCAGCTTCAAA, R: TCATCATCCCACGAGTCA; IL-18, F: AACGAATCCCAGACCAGAC, R: AGAGGGTAGACATCCTTCCAT; Gapdh, F: CGTATTGGGCGCCTGGTCACCAG; R: GACCTTGCCCACAGCCTTGGCAGC.
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6

Investigating ABPPk's Effect on Neuroinflammation

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qPCR was used to detect the effect of ABPPk on AβOs-induced changes of inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels in BV2 microglia. Total RNA from BV2 microglia was DNase-treated and purified by using the RNeasy Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Then cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA using Omniscript RT kit (QIAGEN) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. qPCR was performed using SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and the Stepone RT-PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The housekeeping gene Gapdh was used as an internal control. Primers were designed and synthesized by GENEray biotechnology (Shanghai, China). The primers used in this study were listed in Table 1.
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7

Bone Gene Expression Analysis

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Total RNA was extracted from the humeri and right tibias, after flushing of the bone marrow. The diaphysis was homogenized by means of a tissue homogenizer (Bullet Blender, Next Advance Inc., Troy, NY, USA), followed by total RNA isolation using Trizol Reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Whaltam, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Expression of the following genes was assessed by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) using a StepOne™ RT-PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, Monza, Italy), as previously reported [34] : the osteoblast differentiation markers Runx2, alkaline phosphatase (Alpl), and osteocalcin (Ocn); the osteoclast differentiation marker
Trap; the bone remodeling regulators receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl), osteoprotogerin (Opg), and sclerostin (Sost); the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (Il6) and interleukin-1β (Il1b); the macrophage marker F4/80 (Adgre1), the M2 macrophage marker transforming growth factor-β (Tgfb), and the M2 secreted cytokine interleukin-10 (Il10). Targets were quantified by TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Applied Biosystems) using the assays reported in Supplementary Table 1. Osteocalcin High Sensitive EIA Kits (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan), respectively.
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