(Mw = 700, 1500, 2500 kDa; Chaska, MN)
and Humedix (Mw = 1000 kDa; Anyang, Korea).
Sodium alginate (ALG) (Mw = 250 kDa, guluronate
unit content = 66%) was purchased from FMC Biopolymer (Sandvika, Norway).
RGD peptide (GGGGRGDSP) and HAV peptide (GGGGSHAVSS) were purchased
from Anygen (Seoul, Korea). 1-Ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
(EDC) hydrochloride was purchased from Proteochem (Hurricane, UT). N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide sodium salt (sulfo-NHS) was purchased
from Covachem (Loves Park, IL). Adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) hydrate, calcium
sulfate, deuterium oxide (D2O), Alcian blue, and direct
red 80 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Dulbecco’s
phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s
modified Eagle’s medium nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12),
penicillin–streptomycin (P–S), and trypsin–ethylenediaminetetraacetic
acid (EDTA) were procured from Gibco (Grand Island, NY). The Ez-Cytox
kit was purchased from DoGenBio (Daejeon, Korea), and the Live/Dead
Viability/Cytotoxicity kit was purchased from Invitrogen (Waltham,
MA).