All the patients underwent symptom-limited CPX before and after CR. CPX was performed with upright bicycle ergometer (Corviral, Lode, Netherlands). After a 4-min rest period, the exercise began at the setting of 10 W with 60 rpm until 3 min, thereafter its intensity was increased incrementally by 1 or 2 W every 6 s according to the ramp protocol. Heart rate (HR) and 12-lead electrocardiogram were monitored continuously (STS-2100, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan). Exercise was stopped upon symptoms of exhaustion or leg fatigue, and/or patients' requests. Oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), carbon dioxide output (VCO 2 ), and ventilatory equivalent (VE) were measured continuously using a breath-by-breath gas analyzer (Aero Monitor AE-310S, Minato Medical Science, Osaka, Japan), and the anaerobic threshold (AT) by the V-slope method was determined [10] . Peak VO 2 was defined as VO 2 at the peak work rate (WR). The VE vs. VCO 2 slope was defined as the slope until the respiratory compensation point.
Sts 2100
Manufactured by Nihon Kohden
Sourced in Japan
The STS-2100 is a multipurpose laboratory instrument designed for various analytical applications. It features a compact and durable construction, allowing for versatile use in diverse laboratory settings. The core function of the STS-2100 is to provide accurate and reliable measurements for researchers and technicians.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
4 protocols using sts 2100
1
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing for Cardiac Rehabilitation
2
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Protocol
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CPX was performed to measure VT and % peak VO2. CPX was performed using a cycle ergometer (STB-3400, NIHON KOHDEN, Tokyo, Japan). VO2, carbon dioxide production, and minute ventilation were measured using an expired gas analyser (AE-310 MINATO, Tokyo, Japan). Heart rate was continuously monitored throughout the test using the stress system STS 2100 (NIHON KOHDEN). A ramp stress test was used to determine the stress system for CPX.
The ventilatory threshold was determined using the ventilatory equivalent method [16 (link)]. The intensity of this activity causes the first rise in the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen without a concurrent increase in the ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide [16 (link)].
The ventilatory threshold was determined using the ventilatory equivalent method [16 (link)]. The intensity of this activity causes the first rise in the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen without a concurrent increase in the ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide [16 (link)].
3
Pulse Wave Transit Time Measurement
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Figure 1 demonstrates the measurement of PWTT. PWTT was measured using an electrocardiograph (STS 2100; NIHON KOHDEN, Tokyo, Japan) and oxygen saturation monitor attached to the earlobe. PWTT was defined as the interval from the R wave of the electrocardiogram to the arrival of the pulse wave measured by an oxygen saturation monitor at the earlobe. PWTT was continuously measured from rest to the end of the exercise test as the average of the previous 64 beats, and sampled every 15 seconds. The shortening of PWTT was expressed as a percentage of the decrease in PWTT at peak exercise versus that at rest.
4
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment in CVD
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with CVD, with CPX commonly used to measure oxygen uptake as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness [7 (link),8 (link)]. In this study, CPX and expiratory gas analyses were performed to quantitatively evaluate oxygen uptake (VO2). CPX measures VO2, ventilatory carbon dioxide output, and respiratory and ventilation rates. CPX also calculates the minute ventilation rate from these measurements [20 (link)]. In the CPX test, a Strength Ergo 240 (Mitsubishi Electric Engineering Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for exercise load, an AE-310s Aeromonitor (Minato Medical Science Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was used for breath gas analysis, and an STS-2100 (Nihon Kohden Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for exercise load electrocardiogram. In the study protocol, the patients began with a 3 min warm-up on a bicycle ergometer, followed by a 10 watt/min or 20 watt/min ramp incremental protocol. Continuous 12-lead electrocardiography was performed during the assessment, and blood pressure was recorded every minute during the exercise and recovery periods. After reaching the peak load, all patients pedaled at 0 watts, with a cool-down period of ≥2 min to prevent excessive venous pooling. The testing procedure adhered to published guidelines [21 (link)].
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