Standing height, waist and hip girth, and weight were measured with the participant lightly-clothed and shoeless using standard anthropometric techniques. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as well as waist to hip ratio (WHR). Blood pressure was determined to the nearest 2 mmHg using a mercury sphygmomanometer with a cuff of appropriate size. Two readings of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were taken at a five-minute interval, and the mean of the two readings was taken as the BP value. Arterial hypertension was defined based on the following information alone or in combination: (1) with a history of arterial hypertension; (2) using antihypertensive medication; or (3) a systolic blood pressure >140 mmHg, or a diastolic blood pressure of >90 mmHg.
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans (AP spine and dual femur) were undertaken to assess bone mineral density (BMD) using a GE Lunar Prodigy Pro densitometer and enCORE Version 13 (GE Health) software. Bone mineral density was measured in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm2) and young adult T-scores and age-matched z-scores were derived using the combined Geelong/Lunar reference database (GE Health).
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans (AP spine and dual femur) were undertaken to assess bone mineral density (BMD) using a GE Lunar Prodigy Pro densitometer and enCORE Version 13 (GE Health) software. Bone mineral density was measured in grams per centimeter squared (g/cm2) and young adult T-scores and age-matched z-scores were derived using the combined Geelong/Lunar reference database (GE Health).