Propranolol

Materials The following 47 compounds were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan for use in this study: acetylsalicylic acid, acyclovir, allopurinol, amitriptyline, amoxicillin, azathioprine, azithromycin, budesonide, caffeine, carbamazepine, chloramphenicol, chlorpheniramine maleate salt, chlorpromazine, diethylcarbamazine, digoxin, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, doxycycline, erythromycin, ethosuximide, fluconazole, folic acid, furosemide, haloperidol, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocortisone, ibuprofen, isoniazid, loratadine, metformin, metoclopramide, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, ondansetron, oseltamivir, paracetamol, phenytoin, potassium iodide, prednisolone, primaquine, propranolol, propylthiouracil, quinine hydrochloride, salbutamol, spironolactone, sulfamethoxazole, valproic acid and vancomycin.

Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), and Ham's F-12 nutrition mixture (F-12) were purchased from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH). Penicillin-streptomycin, fungizone, and trypsin (1:250, powder) were purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA). Percoll was purchased from GE Healthcare Bio-Science (Piscataway, NJ). [ 3 H]Nicotine was purchased from American Radiolabeled Chemicals, Inc. (St Louis, MO). p-Aminohippurate (PAH), L-carnitine, choline chloride, diphenhydramine, and verapamil were purchased from Nacalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto, Japan). Nicotine, propranolol, pyrilamine maleate, pyrimethamine, quinidine, and quinine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). Procainamide and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP þ ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) and clonidine hydrochloride were purchased from Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Company (Tokyo, Japan). Cotinine was purchased from TOYOBO Company, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All other chemicals were of the highest grade commercially available.

The following pharmacological agents were used: synthetic corticotropin-releasing hormone (rat/human) (Peptide Institute, Osaka, Japan); phenylephrine, isoproterenol and phentolamine (Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, St. Louis, MO); propranolol (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan). All other reagents were the highest grade available (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan).