plated on the top of a BD Biocoat Growth Factor Reduced Matrigel™ chambers with
8μM pores (BD Biosciences) and allowed to invade for 24 hours toward NIH 3T3
conditioned media in the lower chamber. Wells were plated in quadruplicate, with three
wells measured for invasion and one as a loading control for cells in the upper chamber.
After removing cells on the top wells for the three invasion wells, invading cells on the
bottom membrane were fixed with 100% methanol for 5 min, and then stained with
0.5% crystal violet in 20% methanol for 10 min. Wells were washed with
water and dried overnight. Cells were then imaged at 10x using light microscopy and the
number of invading cells counted. Experiments were performed in triplicate and a p-value
of 0.05 or less as measured by a two-sided t-test were determined to be significant.