Isoflurane

Manufactured by Abbott

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Isoflurane is an inhaled anesthetic agent used to induce and maintain general anesthesia in medical and veterinary settings. It is a clear, colorless, and volatile liquid. Isoflurane functions as a potent and effective anesthetic by depressing the central nervous system, resulting in unconsciousness, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.

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Lab products found in correlation

Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (6 mentions) Carprofen, by Pfizer (4 mentions) Penicillin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) D luciferin, by PerkinElmer (4 mentions) Tuberculin syringe, by BD (4 mentions) Sucrose, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Living image 4, by PerkinElmer (4 mentions) Pierce bca protein assay kit, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (4 mentions) Firefly d luciferin, by GoldBio (3 mentions) Living image software, by PerkinElmer (3 mentions) Inveon micropet scanner, by Siemens (3 mentions) D luciferin, by Promega (3 mentions) Matrigel, by BD (3 mentions) Rimadyl, by Pfizer (3 mentions) Sprague dawley rat, by Charles River Laboratories (3 mentions) Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions) Vt1200, by Leica (3 mentions) Metacam, by Boehringer Ingelheim (2 mentions) Bleomycin, by Abbott (2 mentions)

551 protocols using isoflurane

Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Model

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Animals were anesthetized using 4% isoflurane (Abbott, Cham, Switzerland) and then maintained by continuous inhalation of 1.5–2% isoflurane on a heated surface (approximately 15 min). The skin was incised posterior and parallel to the left femur, left sciatic nerve was exposed at mid-thigh and then crushed for 15 seconds (proximal to its branching) using a Dumont 5 forceps (Bridge et al., 1994 (link)). Site of crush was marked by using powered charcoal. After the crush, the nerve was repositioned and dissolvable suture (0.7 gauge) was used to close the muscle and the skin incision was closed with wound closure clips. Animals were allowed to recover from the anesthesia before placing them back in their cages.
Carprofen (Rimadyl, Pfizer, Zurich, Switzerland, 5 mg/kg) or Metacam (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim/Rhein Germany) were administered subcutaneously for peri- (0.5 to 1 hour before surgery) and post-operative pain control (1 to 3 days after surgery depending on the status of the animal).

Morozzi G., Rothen J., Toussaint G., De Lange K., Westritschnig K., Doelemeyer A., Ueberschlag V.P., Kahle P., Lambert C., Obrecht M., Beckmann N., Ritter V., Panesar M., Stauffer D., Garnier I., Mueller M., Guerini D., Keller C.G., Knehr J., Roma G., Bidinosti M., Brachat S., Morvan F, & Fornaro M. (2021). STING regulates peripheral nerve regeneration and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) processing in microglia. iScience, 24(12), 103434.

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Rat Anesthesia and Temperature Monitoring

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For all experiments, rectal temperature was monitored and rats were maintained at 37.0 ± 0.5 °C. Anesthesia was induced by the inhalation of 5% isoflurane (Abbott Scandinavia AB, Solna, Sweden), and maintained throughout all surgical and imaging procedures with 2–2.5% isoflurane through a facial mask in 80% air-20% oxygen. After anesthesia, the tail vein was equipped with a catheter to deliver contrast agents.

Lemasson B., Pannetier N., Coquery N., Boisserand L.S., Collomb N., Schuff N., Moseley M., Zaharchuk G., Barbier E.L, & Christen T. (2016). MR Vascular Fingerprinting in Stroke and Brain Tumors Models. Scientific Reports, 6, 37071.

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Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model

Cited 1 time

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The cerebral ischemia/reperfusion MCAO model was conducted according to the previous protocol (Liu and McCullough, 2011 (link); Zheng et al., 2020 (link)). Briefly, rats were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane (Abbott, IL, United States) and maintained with 1.5% isoflurane via inhalation. The common carotid artery, external carotid artery (ECA), and internal carotid artery (ICA) were exposed and ligated on the left side. A 0.36-mm monofilament suture (L3600, Jialing Co. Ltd., China) was inserted into the ECA and advanced through the ICA to the ostium to occlude the middle cerebral artery. Sham control rats were subjected to similar operations without occlusion. The suture was removed after 2 h to cause reperfusion. SBP or saline was orally administered to the animal immediately before reperfusion. The reperfusion process continued for 24 h. Rats were allowed free access to food and water after recovery from anesthesia. Animals were excluded from analysis when the following occurred: modified Neurological Severity Score less than 5 at 3 h after ischemia/reperfusion injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, underweight (animal’s body weight loss exceeds 30% pre-surgical weight) or died. Two investigators (YZ and XZ) blinded to the experimental grouping and drug treatment performed the neurobehavioral assessments.

Qin Z.S., Zheng Y., Zhou X.D., Shi D.D., Cheng D., Shek C.S., Zhan C.S, & Zhang Z.J. (2021). Shexiang Baoxin Pill, a Proprietary Multi-Constituent Chinese Medicine, Prevents Locomotor and Cognitive Impairment Caused by Brain Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats: A Potential Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of Stroke. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 665456.

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Stereotaxic Implantation of Recording Chambers

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During the training period, a head holding device was implanted under aseptic surgical conditions. The animals were anesthetized with isoflurane (Abbott Laboratories) through a constant flux of isoflurane/O2 mixture (1–3%, to effect). Antibiotics and analgesics were administered postoperatively. Before the recording started, again under general anesthesia, a recording cylinder (18 mm in diameter) was implanted stereotaxically.
The chamber provided access to three areas of medial frontal cortex: pmPFC, pre-SMA, SMA. Recording sites were localized relative to the principal sulcus and the arcuate sulcus after opening the dura matter for a different experimental protocol involving the same animal in monkey 2, and based on stereotaxic coordinates in monkey 1. Anatomical boundaries are illustrated on a schematic representation of the brain of monkey 2 in Fig. 4b, top left. The posterior border of pmPFC is defined as in Yoshida et al.^{41 (link)} and the border between pre-SMA and SMA is based on the anatomical work of Rizzolatti et al.^{45 (link)}.

Falcone R., Cirillo R., Ferraina S, & Genovesio A. (2017). Neural activity in macaque medial frontal cortex represents others’ choices. Scientific Reports, 7, 12663.

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Longitudinal Skin Microvascular Responses

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Skin microvascular responses were measured longitudinally in the same animals at 4-week intervals following baseline measurements using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) as described previously [32 (link),33 (link)]. Animals were anaesthetized using 5% Isoflurane (Abbot Laboratories, Chicago, United States) in oxygen (2 L/min), which was delivered using a standard Boyle’s Apparatus and maintained by delivering 1.5–2% Isoflurane via a nose cone for the duration of the procedure. Iontophoresis chambers were initially filled with ~2 mL of 1% solution of the α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, United States). Following constriction, PE was washed out of the chamber with deionized water and replaced with a 2% solution of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, United States). ACh was iontophoresed for 10 min using an anodal current of 100 µA and the maximum vasodilator response measured by LDI.

Akbar N., Forteath C., Hussain M.S., Reyskens K., Belch J.J., Lang C.C., Mordi I.R., Bhalraam U., Arthur J.S, & Khan F. (2021). Mitogen and Stress-Activated Kinases 1 and 2 Mediate Endothelial Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(16), 8655.

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Transient Focal Ischemic Stroke Model

Cited 2 times

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Seventeen male C57Bl6/J mice (Janvier, France, weight range 20–25 g, age range 8–10 weeks) were used. Anesthesia was initiated by using 3% isoflurane (Abbott, Cham, Switzerland) in a mixture of O₂ (200 ml/min) and air (800 ml/min) and maintained with 1.5–2% isoflurane. Prior to surgery, a local analgesic (lidocaine, 0.5%, 7 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously. Temperature was controlled during the surgery and kept constant at 36.5 ± 0.5 °C with a feedback-controlled heating pad system. The surgical procedure was carried out as described [30 (link), 31 (link)]. The middle cerebral artery was occluded for 1 h. After surgery, buprenorphine was administered as subcutaneous injection every 6–8 h on the day of surgery (Temgesic, 0.1 mg/kg b.w) and supplied thereafter via the drinking water (1 mg/kg) for 36 h.
tMCAO animals were assessed with MRI at 2 h (n = 3), 4 h (n = 4), 6 h (n = 3), 12 h (n = 4), 24 h (n = 3), and 48 h (n = 6) after reperfusion, with the majority of animals being measured at two time points. ADC maps of all investigated mice were inspected. Animals were analyzed when a lesion was present on the ADC maps.

Vaas M., Deistung A., Reichenbach J.R., Keller A., Kipar A, & Klohs J. (2017). Vascular and Tissue Changes of Magnetic Susceptibility in the Mouse Brain After Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Translational Stroke Research, 9(4), 426-435.

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Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice

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All mouse procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Juntendo University. A total of 104 adult, 10-week-old, male C57BL/6 mice weighing 20–25 g were used in this study. All mice were housed under controlled lighting and provided with food and water ad libitum. The mice were anesthetized with 4.0% isoflurane (Abbott Japan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and maintained on 1.0–1.5% isoflurane in 70% N₂O and 30% O₂ using a small-animal anesthesia system. The mice were subjected to 1-h tMCAO followed by reperfusion as described previously [31 (link)]. To monitor cortical perfusion, laser Doppler flowmetry was performed with the Periflux System (PERIMED, Inc., Stockholm, Sweden) before, during, and after occlusion by placing a probe on the skull at the midpoint between the right eye and right ear. Body temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5°C with a warming blanket during surgery. Mice showing occlusion (<20% of baseline) during ischemia and reperfusion (>80% of baseline) after the suture was withdrawn were included in the study (n = 104). 17% of the mice (n = 21) were excluded from the experiments. These mice were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital and decapitated.

Shimada Y., Shimura H., Tanaka R., Yamashiro K., Koike M., Uchiyama Y., Urabe T, & Hattori N. (2018). Phosphorylated recombinant HSP27 protects the brain and attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption following stroke in mice receiving intravenous tissue-plasminogen activator. PLoS ONE, 13(5), e0198039.

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Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model

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Male SD rats weighing 260–280 g were used. Rats were randomly divided into the groups of sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, and AGNHW (257 mg/kg, 1× AGNHW). The cerebral ischemia–reperfusion MCAO model was conducted according to the previous protocol (Feng et al., 2018b (link)). Briefly, MCAO rats were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane (Abbott, IL, USA) and maintained with 1.5% isoflurane via inhalation. The common carotid artery (CCA), external carotid artery (ECA), and internal carotid artery (ICA) was exposed and ligated on the left side. A 0.36-mm monofilament suture with a silicon-coated tip (L3600, Jialing Co. Ltd., China) was inserted into the ECA and advanced through the ICA to the ostium to occlude the middle cerebral artery. Sham control rats were subjected to similar surgical operation without occlusion. After 2 h of ischemia, the monofilament suture was withdrawn to permit reperfusion. Meanwhile, the aqueous solution of AGNHW or saline was orally administered to the animal immediately before reperfusion. The reperfusion process continued for 22 h. Rats were allowed to free access of food and water after recovery from anesthesia.

Tsoi B., Chen X., Gao C., Wang S., Yuen S.C., Yang D, & Shen J. (2019). Neuroprotective Effects and Hepatorenal Toxicity of Angong Niuhuang Wan Against Ischemia–Reperfusion Brain Injury in Rats. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10, 593.

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Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Model in Mice

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Animals were induced into anesthesia at a dose of 4% isoflurane (Abbott, Cham, Switzerland) and then maintained by continuous inhalation of 1.5–2% isoflurane on a heated surface (approximately 15 min). The skin was incised posterior and parallel to the left femur. The left sciatic nerve was exposed at mid-thigh and then crushed for 15 seconds proximal to its branching using a Dumont 5 forceps^{71 (link)}. Powdered charcoal was used to mark the site of crush. Following the crush, the nerve was repositioned and the muscle closed with a dissolvable suture (0.7 gauge) and the skin incision closed with wound closure clips. Carprofen (Rimadyl, Pfizer, Zurich, Switzerland, 5 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously for post-operative pain control. Mice were then allowed to recover from the anaesthesia and placed in their cages. In sham-operated animals the skin was incised, the muscles were pulled apart and the nerve was lifted gently without performing any crush.

Giorgetti E., Obrecht M., Ronco M., Panesar M., Lambert C., Accart N., Doelemeyer A., Nash M., Bidinosti M, & Beckmann N. (2019). Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Biomarker in Rodent Peripheral Nerve Injury Models Reveals an Age-Related Impairment of Nerve Regeneration. Scientific Reports, 9, 13508.

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MCAO Model of Ischemic Stroke in Rats

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Adult male Wistar/ST rats (8–10 weeks old, approximately 320 g, Charles River, Kanagawa, Japan) were used in this study. Rats were anesthetized with 4.0% isoflurane (Abbott Japan CO., LTD, Tokyo, Japan), maintained in 1.0–1.5% isoflurane in 70% N₂O and 30% O₂, and were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by advancing a 4 to 0 surgical nylon suture with an expanded tip from the internal carotid artery [12 (link)]. At 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days after MCAO, the rats were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital and perfused transcardially. The brain was removed immediately, post-fixed for 24 h in 4% paraformaldehyde, and soaked in 30% sucrose for at least 48 h. For histological and immunohistochemical studies, 20-µm thick coronal sections of the brain were prepared using a cryostat (Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany).

Kijima C., Inaba T., Hira K., Miyamoto N., Yamashiro K., Urabe T., Hattori N, & Ueno Y. (2023). Astrocytic Extracellular Vesicles Regulated by Microglial Inflammatory Responses Improve Stroke Recovery. Molecular Neurobiology, 61(2), 1002-1021.

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