Sulfamethazine

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany

Sulfamethazine is a laboratory product used as a standard reference material. It is a crystalline powder with a molecular formula of C12H14N4O2S. Sulfamethazine is commonly used in analytical and research applications, but its specific uses or intended applications are not provided in this factual description.

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Lab products found in correlation

Sulfamethoxazole, by Merck Group (15 mentions) Sulfadiazine, by Merck Group (11 mentions) Sulfadimethoxine, by Merck Group (7 mentions) Sulfamerazine, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Sulfapyridine, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Trimethoprim, by Merck Group (5 mentions) Sulfamonomethoxine, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sulfathiazole, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Sulfachloropyridazine, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Oxytetracycline, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Enrofloxacin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Ciprofloxacin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Erythromycin, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Milli q water purification system, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Amoxicillin, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Carbamazepine, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sulfaquinoxaline, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sulfadoxine, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Sulfaphenazole, by Merck Group (3 mentions)

32 protocols using sulfamethazine

Quantification of Sulfonamide Antibiotics

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Reagents: Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer (LC–MS/MS, Agilent 1260 + 6460B QQQ with ESI ion source), nitrogen blowing apparatus (Biotage), and a solid-phase extraction apparatus (Dionex SPE-280).
Chemicals: Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfathiazole (STZ), sulfapyridine (SPZ), sulfamethazine (SM2), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), sulfachloropyridazine (SCP), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), sulfamethizole (SMI), sulfamethoxypyrimidine (SMR), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamethoxypyrimidine (SMP), and sulfaquinoxaline (SQZ) were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Germany, and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The formic acid used for mass spectrometry was purchased from J&K Scientific. The analytically pure hydrochloric acid and disodium EDTA (Na-2 EDTA-2H2O) were purchased from China National Pharmaceutical Group Corporation. Ultrapure water was purchased from a Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and used for the experiments throughout the study.

Duan L., Yang S., Sun Y., Ye F., Jiang J., Kou X, & Yang F. (2022). Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Potential Risks of Sulfonamides in the Shaanxi Section of the Weihe River. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8607.

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Antibiotic Reference Standards Characterization

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Certified antibiotic reference standards (>98% purity) sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadiazine (SDZ), penicillin G (PEG), amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP) were purchased from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, through their Kenyan agent company, Scientific Laboratory Supplies. The structures are given in Fig. 1. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-grade methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN), and formic acid (FA) were purchased from Precise Lab Africa (Nairobi, Kenya). Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges (HLB, 60 mg, 3 mL), and Glass microfiber filters (0.45 μm and 0.22 μm) were obtained from Waters Corporation (Milford, MA, USA). Analytical grade ammonium formate (NH₄HCO₂) and acetic acid and all other reagents (analytical grade) were purchased from Precise Lab Africa. Standard stock solutions of antibiotics standards were prepared at 1 g L⁻¹ in HPLC-grade mathanol and ACN for SAs and βLs, respectively and stored at −20 °C. Working solutions were prepared on a regular basis and stored at 4 °C for SAs and −4 °C for BLs.Fig. 1

Chemical structures and physiochemical characteristics of the investigated antibiotic compounds.

Fig. 1

Odundo F., Ngigi A, & Magu M. (2023). Sulfonamides and β-lactam antibiotic residues and human health risk assessment in commercial chicken meat sold in Nairobi City, Kenya. Heliyon, 9(8), e18810.

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Uptake and Fate of Organic Pollutants in Soil-Plant Systems

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Analytical
grade carbamazepine (>98% purity), diclofenac (>98%
purity), fluoxetine (>98% purity), propranolol (>99% purity),
sulfamethazine
(>99% purity), and triclosan (>97% purity) were obtained from
Sigma-Aldrich
(Sydney, Australia). Deuterated forms of selected study compounds
(carbamazepine-d₁₀ (99.8% purity), diclofenac-d₄ (98.5% purity), fluoxetine-d₅ (99.4% purity), propranolol-d₇ (99.6% purity), and triclosan-d₃ (98.6%
purity) were purchased from TLC Pharmachem (Vaughan, Canada) for use
as internal standards in the chemical analyses.
Tepko soil (obtained
from near Tepko township in South Australia)
was used for both the plant uptake and fate studies (pH 6.25, EC 0.09
dS/cm, OC 1%, CEC 5.2 cmol(+)/kg, 0.6% moisture, clay 8%, 3% silt
and 89% sand). The soil was not cropped and had not previously received
biosolid or wastewater applications. Test soil was obtained from the
top 10 cm depth and prior to testing was air-dried and then sieved
to 2 mm to ensure homogeneity.
Ryegrass seeds (Lolium
perenne, Guard variety)
were obtained from Seed Services (SARDI, South Australian Research
and Development Institute) and radish seeds (Raphanus sativus, Cherry belle variety) were from Mr Fothergills (Sydney, Australia).

Carter L.J., Harris E., Williams M., Ryan J.J., Kookana R.S, & Boxall A.B. (2014). Fate and Uptake of Pharmaceuticals in Soil–Plant Systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(4), 816-825.

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Paracetamol and Sulfamethazine Degradation

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Paracetamol (98% purity), from now on PCT, and Sulfamethazine (99% purity), from now on SMT, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, while hydrogen peroxide (33% w/v) was purchased from Panreac. The catalyst, added as heptahydrate ferrous sulphate (FeSO₄∙7 H₂O), was provided by Merck. Sulfuric acid (95%) used to adjust the pH was provided by Fisher. H₂O₂ was determined following the ammonium metavanadate (NH₄VO₃ 98.5%) which was obtained from Fisher. Distilled water (DW) was used as water matrix in most of the experiments while the assays carried out to assess water matrix effect were done in natural water (NW).

Yu X., Cabrera-Reina A., Graells M., Miralles-Cuevas S, & Pérez-Moya M. (2021). Towards an Efficient Generalization of the Online Dosage of Hydrogen Peroxide in Photo-Fenton Process to Treat Industrial Wastewater. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13313.

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Quantification of Sulfonamide Residues

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Ammonia solution (30%), acetic acid (99.5%), n-hexane (95%), ammonium acetate (98%), were purchased from Carlo Erba Reagents (Rodano, Italy). Chloroform and acetone (analytical grade) were obtained from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). Water, acetonitrile and methanol of HPLC grade were purchased from Baker (Deventer, Holland). The 0.02 M acetate buffer solution, used as solution (A) for HPLC mobile phase, was prepared by dissolving 1.54 g of ammonium acetate in water. The pH value was adjusted to 4.50±0.02 with acetic acid. Standards of SAs [sulfadiazine (SDA) 99.3%, sulfathiazole (STZ) 99.9%, sulfapyridine (SP) 99.7%, sulfamerazine (SM) 98.8%, sulfamethazine (SMZ) 99.8%, sulfamethoxipyridazine (SMP) 99.7%, sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) 99.4%, sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) 98%, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 99.9%, sulfadoxine (SDO) 99.8%, sulfaphenazole (SNZ) 99%, sulfadimethoxine (SDM) 99.8% and sulfaquinoxaline (SQX) 96%] were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany).
Working standards at concentration of 0.25-0.5-1.0-2.0-4.0 mg/L were prepared by appropriate dilution in mobile phase to make calibrations curves for the detection of SAs in meat. A feed sample fortified at five concentrations (0.2, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) with standard solutions of SAs before the extraction was used to obtain the calibration curve for the analysis of SAs in feed.

Armentano A., Summa S., Magro S.L., D’Antini P., Palermo C, & Muscarella M. (2016). Core-Shell in Liquid Chromatography: Application for Determining Sulphonamides in Feed and Meat Using Conventional Chromatographic Systems. Italian Journal of Food Safety, 5(4), 6166.

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Isolation and Characterization of SDZ-Degrading Paenarthrobacter spp.

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Sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethazine (SMZ), and formic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry–grade acetonitrile was purchased from Fisher Chemicals (Pittsburgh, PA). Ultrapure water was produced by a Barnstead EASYpure UV/UF water purification system. As described in our previous studies [25 (link), 26 (link)], the Paenarthrobacter spp. were isolated from eight SDZ-degrading enrichments seeded with different activated sludge from six local sewage treatment works.

Huang Y., Pan A., Song Y., Deng Y., Wu A.L., Lau C.S, & Zhang T. (2024). Strain-level diversity in sulfonamide biodegradation: adaptation of Paenarthrobacter to sulfonamides. The ISME Journal, 18(1), wrad040.

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Quantitative Analysis of Sulfonamide Compounds

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Analytical standards of sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethizol, sulfamethazine, sulfabenzamide, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfadoxine, sulfaphenazole and sulfamonomethoxine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA; purity > 95%). Acetic acid (AC), formic acid, n-butyl alcohol, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfate anhydrous (Na2SO4) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Beijing, China). Triton X-114 (TX-114), Triton X-100 (TX-100) and Tween 20 of laboratory grade were obtained from Sigma Chemicals Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ultrapure water was yielded by a Milli-Q Gradient system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
The stock solution of each SA was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of each compound with 10 mL of methanol. The stock solution was stored in a freezer. Before use, the stock solutions were mixed with appropriate volumes of methanol to prepare standard working solutions.

Li Z., Zhang J., Yang Y., Xu H., Wang J, & Yang Y. (2020). Determination of Sulfonamides in Milk by Cloud Point-Salting Out Extraction and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 36(12).

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Sulfamethazine Cocrystal Formation

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The sulfamethazine and the acid
conformers used in this study were
purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Each cocrystal was prepared by dissolving
sulfamethazine (278 mg, 1 mmol) in reagent-grade methanol (25 mL)
and to it the respective carboxylic acid (1 mmol) was added and stirred
so that a clear solution was observed. In each case the reaction mixture
was filtered after stirring for half an hour using Whatman filter
paper to remove residue (if any). The transparent solution thus obtained
in each case was kept independently undisturbed inside fume-hood to
slowly evaporate at 25 °C. The crystals were allowed to form
in the solution in an undisturbed manner until the volume of the solution
became 3 mL (approximately) in each case, which was completed in 6–7
days. The yields of crystals are listed in the Supporting Information. The complete removal of the solvent
did not increase the yield of the highly pure crystals; hence, optimum
residual solvent in each solution was required to get highly pure
and suitably diffracting crystals.

Singh M.P, & Baruah J.B. (2019). Combinations of Tautomeric Forms and Neutral-Cationic Forms in the Cocrystals of Sulfamethazine with Carboxylic Acids. ACS Omega, 4(7), 11609-11620.

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Aptamer-based Detection of Antibiotics

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SQX-specific aptamers have been previously screened by our research group [4 (link)]. SQX, sulfameter (SME), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamonomethoxine (SMM), HAuCl₄·4H₂O, and graphene oxide were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), ofloxacin (OFL), and chloramphenicol (CAP) were obtained from Aladdin Biotechnology Inc. (Shanghai, China). RhoB and oligonucleotides were obtained from Sangon Biotechnology Inc. (Shanghai, China). Deionized water was purified using Millipore Milli-Q Ultrapure Water System (Bedford, MA, USA) and used for all experiments. DNA oligonucleotide stock solutions were prepared with binding buffer. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and obtained from Beijing Chemical Reagent Company (Beijing, China).

Chen X., Yang L., Tang J., Wen X., Zheng X., Chen L., Li J., Xie Y, & Le T. (2022). An AuNPs-Based Fluorescent Sensor with Truncated Aptamer for Detection of Sulfaquinoxaline in Water. Biosensors, 12(7), 513.

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Quantifying Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Water

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Eight pharmaceutical compounds (purity > 98%): naproxen (NPX), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), carbamazepine (CBZ), trimethoprim (TMP), clarithromycin (CTM), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and sulfathiazole (STZ) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The details of these pharmaceutical compounds are given in Table S1. The pharmaceutical compounds measured in this study were selected because of their high detection frequencies in previous studies [57 ]. Isotopically labeled internal standards (ISs), including tert-butylamine (TBL), sulfamethoxazole-d₄ (SMZ-d₄), and ibuprofen-d₃ (IBP-d₃), were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Oakville, ON, Canada). HPLC grade solvents such as methanol and acetonitrile, and Na₂-EDTA (analytical grade) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Reagent water was prepared by Milli-Q water purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Individual stock solutions of each compound were prepared in methanol; standard mixtures were prepared by diluting the stock solution and stored in the dark at –20 °C. All glassware were baked at 250 °C overnight in the oven, and rinsed with methanol prior to use.

Im J.K., Kim S.H., Kim Y.S, & Yu S.J. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Tributary Surface Waters of the Han River Watershed, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7969.

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