Cd80 pe

Cells were characterized by flow cytometry using the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CD11b/c-APC, CD80-PE, CD86-PE, MHCI-FITC, and MHCII-PE (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA). For analysis of the glycocalyx, lectins from Maackia amurensis (MAL II, indicating α2-3 Sia) and Sambucus nigra (SNA-I, indicating α2-6 Sia) were used (Vector Labs). Lectins were biotin conjugated. PE-streptavidin was used for detection. Negative controls for non-specific fluorescence were used, these consisted of PE-streptavidin staining solutions in the absence of the lectin conjugated to biotin. Lectins were prepared in lectin staining buffer (PBS containing 1% FBS, 1 mmol/L CaCl₂, and 2 mmol/L MgCl₂) and resuspended in FACS buffer (PBS containing 2% fetal calf serum and 0.01% NaN₃, all from Sigma-Aldrich) before analysis using a FACS Canto II (BD Biosciences, Oxford, UK).
For analysis of the assays involving lymphocytes from the lymph nodes and spleen, the following mAbs were used CD3/PE, CD8/PE-Cy7, CD4/APC (BioLegend), and CD25/FITC (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA). Prior to staining, cells were washed with FACS buffer. mAbs were diluted in 50 µL FACS buffer, added to the cells, and incubated for 15 min at 4°C. To remove any unbound antibodies, the cells were washed three times with FACS buffer. The cells were then filtered through a nylon mesh (40 µm) before analysis in the cytometer.

Anti-mouse IL-17A-PE, CD4-APC and IFN-γ-PE-cy7, anti-mouse IgG isotype, anti-human IFN-γ-PE-cy7, CD4-APC and IL-17A-PE and anti-human IgG isotype were obtained from eBioscience. For intracellular expression of IFN-γ and IL-17, CD4+ T cells were incubated for 1 hours with ionomycin (1 μg/mL), PMA (50 ng/mL) and for another 4 hours with brefeldin A (10 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich), harvested, washed and fixed before permeabilization.
BMDCs or MD-DCs were stained for 30 minutes at 4 °C with anti-mouse CD86-FITC (eBioscience), CD11c-APC (eBioscience), CD80-PE (eBioscience), CD40-FITC (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA), MHCII-PE (eBioscience), anti-human CD86-PE-cy7 (BioLegend), CD40-FITC (BioLegend), HLA-DR-PE-cy5.5 (BioLegend), and CD80-PE (BioLegend).

The CD14 (PerCP-Cy 5.5, BD Biosciences, United States), HLA-DR (APC, BD Biosciences, United States), and isotype mouse IgG2a-PE (PE, BioLegend, United States) were added in the samples of imDCs. Moreover, CD86-APC, CD80-PE, and isotype mouse IgG1–FITC (BioLegend, United States) were added in the samples of mDCs. The cells were then suspended with precooled PBS, counted under a microscope, and centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min. Data were acquired using a FACSCalibur cytometer (BD Biosciences, United States) and the ratios of CD14⁺, HLA-DR⁺, CD80⁺, and CD86⁺ DCs were determined.

DCs were collected and stained with fluorescent CD11c‐FITC, CD40‐PE‐cy5, CD80‐PE and MHCII‐fluor 450 (Biolegend, San Diego, CA), followed by flow cytometry analysis using a Cytoflex S (Beckman coulter, Indianapolis, IN) as described in Appendix S1. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was collected and compared between groups.
To detect cell apoptosis and death, cells were stained with Annexin V‐APC and propidium iodide (PI) (Thermo Fisher), followed by flow cytometry following the manufacturer's instruction.

To detect the effect of DAC on the DC surface markers, DAC-treated and -untreated DCs were stained by anti-human CD86-APC, CD80-PE, HLA-DR-PE/Cy5, CD83-PE and CD40-PerCP-Cy5.5 (all antibodies were from BioLegend, San Diego, USA) at 4°C for 30 minutes. The expression of cell surface markers was detected by flow cytometry (FACSAira, BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, USA) and analyzed as the median fluorescence intensity (MFI). The histograms with overlays were made by FlowJo software (Treestar, Inc., San Carlos, USA).
To investigate whether DAC affects the function of DCs in relation to its effect on differentiating T cells into Th1/Th17 subsets, CD4⁺ cells were co-cultured with DAC-treated or -untreated DCs for 5 days as previously described [11 (link)]. Then 100 ng/ml PMA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) and 1 μg/ml ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA) were added to the cells at 37°C for 1 hour and subsequently incubated for an additional 4 hours with 10 μg/ml brefeldin A (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA). Anti- IFN-γ-FITC and IL-17A-PE antibodies (both from eBioscience, San Diego, USA) were used to perform the intracellular staining for 30 minutes at 4°C. The frequencies of CD4⁺ IFN-γ⁺ and CD4⁺ IL-17A⁺ cells were detected with the FACSAira flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, USA).

Intestinal lamina propria cells and MLN cells were labeled with CD4-FITC, CD25-APC (eBioscience), CD8-APC-Cy7, CD3-PerCP (Biolegend), and B220-BV570 (BD Biosciences). Labeling of intracellular FoxP3 was performed after extracellular staining and fixation/permeabilization of cells. GM-CSF-derived dendritic cells were labeled with CD11b-PerCP Cy5.5 (BD Biosciences), CD11c-PE-Cy7, I-A/I-E-APC-Cy7, CD80-PE, CD86-APC, CD8-FITC, and B220-BV570 (Biolegend). Flt3L-derived dendritic cells were labeled with CD11c-PE-Cy7, CD11b- or Siglec-H-PerCP Cy5.5 (Biolegend), I-A/I-E-APC-Cy7, CD317-PE, CD40-Alexa Fluor 647, CD103-FITC, and B220-BV570. Coculture T cells were labeled with CD4-PerCP Cy5.5 (BD Biosciences), CD127-PE-Cy7, CD73-APC, CD195 (CCR5)-FITC, CD62L-BV570, and CD25-APC-Cy7 (Biolegend).