Chloroform, ethyl alcohol (96% w/w), methanol, n-hexane, formic acid (99% w/w) hydrochloric acid (37% w/w) and anhydrous sodium sulphate were of analytical grade and were purchased from Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Boron trifluoride (approximately 10% w/w in methanol for gas chromatography (GC) derivatization) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fatty acid standards (C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3) were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Boron trifluoride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, France, Germany
Boron trifluoride is a colorless, pungent gas used as a laboratory reagent. It is a Lewis acid and has a wide range of applications in organic synthesis and chemical analysis.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Methanol, by Merck Group (20 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (7 mentions)
N hexane, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Hexane, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Sodium methylate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tridecanoic acid methyl ester c13 0, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Catechin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Excella e24 series, by Eppendorf (2 mentions)
Centrifuge 5804 r, by Eppendorf (2 mentions)
Supelco 37 component fame mix, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Trypsin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Formic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium acetate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
47 protocols using boron trifluoride
1
Fatty Acid Determination Protocol
2
Fatty Acid Profiling Protocol
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Sodium methylate, boron trifluoride in methanol (14% w/v) and n-hexane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium chloride from Panreac Quimica SLU (Barcelona, Spain) and anhydrous sodium sulphate from Schalab (Barcelona, Spain). Tridecanoic acid methyl ester (C13:0), used as an internal standard, was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and the standards Supelco 37 Component FAMEs mix and PUFAs No. 2 (Animal source) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Standards were stored in powder form at –20 °C and protected from the light.
3
Lipid Extraction and FAME Analysis
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Lipids were extracted from cell pellets treated with increasing concentrations of Autumn Royal or Egnatia GSEs (20, 50, and 80 μg/mL) for 48 h. The Folch extraction method was used with some modifications [36 (link)]. Briefly, an aliquot of 100 µL of cell lysate was diluted to 450 µL of an acidified salt solution (H2SO4 2 × 10−4 M, NaCl 0.1%). Subsequently, 750 µL of methanol and 1.5 mL of chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) were added and the samples were vortexed and centrifuged. The lower layer containing fatty acids was collected and dried by a centrifugal evaporator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained by adding 250 µL of toluene and 750 µL of boron trifluoride in methanol 14% (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy). After an incubation of 2 h at 80 °C, 1250 µL of NaCl 5% and 250 µL of toluene (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) were added to the samples and then centrifuged at 700 g for 10 min at 4 °C. The upper phase obtained containing the FAMEs was picked up and analyzed into gas chromatograph (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Focus GC, Milan, Italy) using ChromQuest 4.1 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Focus GC, Milan, Italy), as previously described [37 (link)].
4
Tea Leaf and Teapot Analysis
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All chemicals were purchased from E. Merck Co. (Darmstadt, Germany), unless stated otherwise. Boron trifluoride, toluidine blue O, and tert-butanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation (St Louis, MO, USA). Benzene was purchased from ALPS Chemical Co. (Taipei City, Taiwan). Water was purified using the Millipore Direct-Q clear water purification system (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). Fresh tea leaves (i.e., young green shoots) and tea granules were obtained from the same tea plant cultivar: Camellia sinensis L. Chin-Shin oolong was grown in Zhushan and Lugu, Nantou County, Taiwan. Zisha and zhuni teapots, which were manufactured in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, China, were used for the study of their surface coating.
5
Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis
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Total phospholipids from neural retina and plasma were evaporated to dryness under a gentle stream of N2 to minimize oxidation. Then total phospholipids were dissolved in 200 μl methanol and 100 μl toluene for methylation. Phospholipids fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained after trans-esterification with 50 μl of sodium methoxide in methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) followed by acid trans-esterification with 500μl of boron trifluoride in methanol (14%, Sigma-Aldrich). Before analysis, FAMEs and dimethylacetals (DMAs, from plasmalogen type) were subsequently extracted with hexane, evaporated, and diluted in 200 μl hexane and stored at—80°C.
6
Determination of Phytochemical Content and Antioxidant Activity
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Methanol, acetonitrile (HPLC grade), formic acid, sodium acetate, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, sodium carbonate (anhydrous), dichlorophenolindophenol, chloroform, 96% ethanol, 1-propanol, 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA), hydrochloric acid (p.a.), sulfuric acid (p.a.), nitric acid (p.a.), and potassium chloride were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Toluen was purchased from Carlo Erba (Chaussée du Vexin, France).
Acetone, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid), ascorbic acid, paraffin oil, Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), aluminum chloride hexahydrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chlorite, potassium persulfate, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, boron trifluoride and standards of phenolic compounds: protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, and (+)-catechin, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Standards of phenolic compounds, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, were purchased from Merck. Standards of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside chloride, and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride were from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Aqueous solutions were prepared with Mili-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
Acetone, trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid), ascorbic acid, paraffin oil, Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), aluminum chloride hexahydrate, sodium nitrite, sodium chlorite, potassium persulfate, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, boron trifluoride and standards of phenolic compounds: protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, and (+)-catechin, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
Standards of phenolic compounds, quercetin, gallic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid, were purchased from Merck. Standards of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride, pelargonidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside chloride, and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride were from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). Aqueous solutions were prepared with Mili-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA).
7
Fatty Acid Extraction and Analysis Protocol
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Fatty acids (FAs) were extracted based on the protocol published by Folch40 (link) with minor modifications41 (link). For serum samples, 0.5 ml serum was added to a 2.5 ml of Folch mixture (chloroform: methanol: v/v 2:1) and 100 μl of BHT and 100 μl of internal standard C21:0. This was mixed for 20 min using an incubator shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, Excella E24 Series). Samples were then centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 min. (Eppendorf, Centrifuge 5804R). Serum (1 ml) was saponified with 1 ml of 2 M KOH methanol solution at 70 °C for 20 min and then methylated with 2 ml of a 14% solution of boron trifluoride in methanol (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) under the same conditions. Then, 2 ml n-hexane and 10 ml of saturated NaCl solution were added. After completely separating the upper (n-hexane phase) and lower layers, the n-hexane phase (1 ml) was collected.
8
Solvent-Free Lecithin Extraction
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F22 lecithin derived from natural animal sources was extracted enzymatically without the need of organic solvents. Methanol, boron trifluoride, and hexane were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (France). Analytical grade solvents were utilized for all the experiments.
9
Enzymatic Acidolysis of Phosphatidylcholine
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Phosphatidylcholine (PC) used for acidolysis reaction was obtained from egg-yolk according to the previously described procedure [20 (link)].
Novozym® 435 (>5000 U/gand CALB (>1800 U/g) were suplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) while Lipozyme® RM IM (>30 U/g) Lipozyme® TL IM (250 U/g) were supplied by Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) and Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark), respectively. 3-Methoxycinnamic acid (3-OMe-CA), sodium methylate and boron trifluoride (13–15% BF3 in MeOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents used in the enzymatic reactions, silica gel (Kieselgel 60, 230–400 mesh) for column chromatography and silica gel-coated aluminum plates (Kieselgel 6-F254, 0.2 mm) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
Novozym® 435 (>5000 U/gand CALB (>1800 U/g) were suplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) while Lipozyme® RM IM (>30 U/g) Lipozyme® TL IM (250 U/g) were supplied by Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland) and Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark), respectively. 3-Methoxycinnamic acid (3-OMe-CA), sodium methylate and boron trifluoride (13–15% BF3 in MeOH) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Solvents used in the enzymatic reactions, silica gel (Kieselgel 60, 230–400 mesh) for column chromatography and silica gel-coated aluminum plates (Kieselgel 6-F254, 0.2 mm) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
10
Adipose Tissue Lipid Extraction and Fatty Acid Analysis
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As described [54 (link)], total lipids were extracted from 50 mg frozen adipose tissue samples with the Folch method [55 (link)] with 8 mL of chloroform methanol (2:1) mixture. Thin layer chromatography (cat# 1057150001, Millipore, Guyancourt, France) was used to purify triglycerides, and transmethylation of fatty acids was performed using boron trifluoride (CAS #2802-68-8) in methanol solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France). Methylated fatty acids were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC-2010 Plus chromatograph, Schimadzu, France) with a polar column (BPX70 column, 60 m x id 0.25 mm, cat#054623, SGE Analytical Science, Courtaboeuf, France), and a standard mixture permitted identification (Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix, cat#CRM47885, Merck, Molsheim, France). Fatty acid levels are expressed as percentage of the total integrated area. Chromatography analysis was supervised and validated by an experienced analytical biochemist (C.G.) with blinding to clinical data. In this study, fatty acids of 20 to 24 carbons were considered long-chain fatty acids.
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