Mannose

Melojel^® dent corn starch (dent corn), Amioca waxy corn starch (waxy corn), PenPure^® 10 potato starch (potato), Hylon^® VII high amylose (≈70% amylose) corn starch (HACS70), and Hylon^® V high amylose (≈55% amylose) corn starch (HACS55) were donated by Ingredion Inc. (Westchester, IL, USA), and Aytex^® P wheat starch was donated by ADM (Minneapolis, MN, USA) (Table 1). All starches were unmodified and used “as is”. Eleven different sugars and sugar alcohols that are commonly used as food ingredients and/or have minor stereochemical differences of interest for this study were used: glucose, galactose, fructose, and mannose from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA); trehalose dihydrate from Hayashibara Company (Okayama, Japan); maltose monohydrate from Fisher Bioreagents (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA); isomaltulose monohydrate and isomalt from BENEO-Palatinit Gmbh (Mannheim, Germany); sucrose from Mallinckrodt Chemicals (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA); and maltitol and sorbitol from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA) (Table 1). Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and hydrochloric acid (37%) (HCl) was from Acros Organics. The water used in this study was processed using reverse osmosis, then filtered by a Barnstead E-Pure Lab Water System (Dubuque, IA, USA) to >17.4 milliohm-cm.

Aytex^® P wheat starch, an unmodified, highly purified native wheat starch (<0.2% protein, <0.1% fat, <0.2% ash, 9.9% water, and 25% amylose) [42 ] was donated by ADM (Minneapolis, MN, USA) and used “as is”. Twenty different sugars and sugar alcohols that may be found in food products and/or have stereochemical structures of interest were used: xylose, ribose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, and mannitol from Acros Organics (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA); L-sorbose and xylitol from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); trehalose dihydrate from Hayashibara Company (Okayama, JP, USA); tagatose and allulose from Sensato (Albany, NY, USA); maltose monohydrate and lactose monohydrate from Fisher Chemical (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA); isomaltulose monohydrate and isomalt ST (~1:1 ratio of glucopyranosyl sorbitol and glucopyranosyl mannitol dihydrate [43 ]) from BENEO-Palatinit Gmbh (Mannheim, DE, USA); sorbitol from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA); sucrose from Mallinckrodt Chemicals (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA); and maltitol and raffinose pentahydrate from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA) (Table 1). Calcium propionate was from Sigma-Aldrich. The water used in this study was processed using reverse osmosis, then filtered by a Barnstead E-Pure Lab Water System (Dubuque, IA, USA) to >17.4 milliohm-cm.