Chitosan with a molecular weight (MW) of 1000 kDa and an 86% degree of deacetylation (Bioprogress, Schelkovo, Russia) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with a MW of 320 kDa (Biomer, Schwalbach, Germany) were used. The other reagents used, such as glacial acetic acid (Ekos-1, Moscow, Russia), phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), and sodium hydroxide (Chimmed, Moscow, Russia), were of the highest purity grade.
Sodium hydroxide (naoh)
Manufactured by Chimmed
Sodium hydroxide is a white, crystalline, inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a highly alkaline and corrosive substance commonly used as a laboratory reagent.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Tetrachloroauric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Rhodamine 6g, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium citrate dihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Simplicity uv, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Nitric acid, by Chimmed (1 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Chimmed (1 mentions)
Hydrogen peroxide, by Chimmed (1 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, by Chimmed (1 mentions)
Dl α lipoic acid la, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Methyltrimetoxysilane mtmos, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, by Chimmed (1 mentions)
Citric acid, by Chimmed (1 mentions)
6 hydroxy 2 5 7 8 tetramethylchroman 2 carboxylic acid trolox, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Vanillic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sinapic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Fumaric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Syringic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Vitamin e, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
5 protocols using sodium hydroxide (naoh)
1
Chitosan-Polyhydroxybutyrate Biomaterial Synthesis
2
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
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Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O, 99.9%), sodium citrate dihydrate (99%), and rhodamine 6G were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hydroxide (99%), hydrogen peroxide (37 vol%), crystal violet, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid were acquired from Chimmed (Moscow, Russia). All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Deionized water with resistivity of no less than 18 MΩ × cm (Simplicity UV, Millipore, USA) was used to prepare all aqueous solutions. Glassware was cleaned before use by soaking in freshly prepared aqua regia and rinsing with deionized water.
3
Synthesis and Characterization of Lipoic Acid Derivatives
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DL-α-Lipoic acid (LA) (>99.0%) (CAS 1077-28-7) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., LTD (Tokyo, Japan). (±) α-Lipoamide (LPA) (96%) (CAS 940-69-2) was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, ON, Canada). Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (ECOS, high purity grade, Moscow, Russia), ethanol (EtOH) (95%, Chimmed, analytical grade, Moscow, Russia), (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilan (MPTMOS) (95%) (CAS 4420-74-0), (Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), (3-aminoporopyl)triethoxysilane (APTEOS) (99%) (CAS 919-30-2) (Aldrich, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), methyltrimetoxysilane (MTMOS) (98%+)(CAS 1185-55-3) (Acros Organics, New Jersey, NJ, USA), and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (CAS 1898-66-4) (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., LTD, Tokyo, Japan) were used without further purification. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4·2H2O) and disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4·12 H2O) (Chimmed, analytical grade, Moscow, Russia) were used to prepare buffer solutions with pH 6.0, 6.5, 6.8, and 7.4. Citric acid (Chimmed, analytical grade, Moscow, Russia), sodium hydroxide (Chimmed, analytical grade, Moscow, Russia), and hydrochloric acid (Acros, for analysis, 37%, Geel, Belgium) (CAS 7647-01-0) were used to prepare buffer solution with pH 1.6. The buffer solutions were prepared using doubly distilled deionized water.
4
Characterization of Humic Substances
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Ultrapure deionized water (Milli-Q®, 18 MΩ cm, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) was used to prepare all solutions. All chemicals used were of at least analytical grade. Inorganic compounds (NaOH, HCl, KCl, KH2PO4, K2HPO4) were obtained from Chimmed (Russia). Folin and Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent, 2,2′-azobis (2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), fluorescein, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetra-methylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), vanillic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid, fumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA). Standard samples of HS, including Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) and fulvic acid (SRFA) and dissolved organic matter (SRDOM), were kindly provided by I.V. Perminova, coordinator of the Russian chapter of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS, St. Paul, MN, USA). Commercially available coal humic materials CHA-AGK and CHA-ALD were purchased from Biotechnology Ltd. (Moscow, Russia) and Sigma-Aldrich (Burlington, MA, USA), respectively.
5
Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Catalyst
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The synthesis of the cathode CNTN catalyst involves several sequential stages. First, 400 mg of initial CNTs (Nanotechcenter LLC, Tambov, Russia) was placed in a flask under reflux; 200 mL of 1 M NaOH (Chimmed LLC, Moscow, Russia) was added. The mixture was kept for 1 h at 100 °C under continuous stirring using a magnetic stirrer. Further, the functionalized CNTs were washed with deionized water until neutral pH was reached. The resulting precipitate was dried in a vacuum oven at 90 °C until completely dry. In the next stage, CNTs were mixed with melamine (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) as a nitrogen precursor at a ratio of 1:0.7, followed by milling in a ball mill for 1 h at 800 rpm. The resulting mixture was placed in a quartz tube and subjected to thermal treatment in an Ar atmosphere at 600 °C for 1 h. The nanotubes obtained following nitrogen doping were designated as CNTN.
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