An MC-180 body composition analyzer (Tanita, Japan) was used to measure human body composition. During the measurement, subjects stood barefoot on the platform of the device, with their feet on the electrodes on both sides. They then grasped the handle of the device with their hands maintaining direct contact with the electrodes and their arms hanging naturally at their sides. The participants remained stationary for ~1 min during the measurement process. Metal articles such as ornaments, wrist watches, and cell phones were removed from the subjects. Specific recorded measurements included weight, basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), protein mass (PM), bone mass (BM), fat mass (FM), percentage of body fat (PBF), subcutaneous fat mass (SFM), visceral fat mass (VFM), total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW).
A portable stadiometer (HM200P, American Charder Company, USA) was used to measure height, which was recorded to the nearest 0.01 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height (m) and weight (kg): BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2).
A portable stadiometer (HM200P, American Charder Company, USA) was used to measure height, which was recorded to the nearest 0.01 cm. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height (m) and weight (kg): BMI = weight (kg)/height (m2).