4 0 prolene

Surgical procedures for the control and experimental groups (and for one participant with two bilateral defects) were performed by DÖE. A 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) digluconate rinse was used for 60 s to intraoral antisepsis, and a povidone-iodine solution was used for extraoral antisepsis. After local anesthesia (2% lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000/Astra, Westbrough, MA, USA) was applied, intracrevicular incisions were made using an 11-blade steel scalpel, and full thickness mucoperiosteal flaps were elevated enough to provide an adequate view of the defect area. In order to have vision for both the buccal and oral sides of the bone defects, a double flap technique was preferred [32] . Subgingival debridement and root planning were performed with the use of area-specific curets (gracey curets, Hu-Friedy), and granulation tissue was removed. The blood supply of the defect areas was taken into account. The IBD areas in the control group were closed without any material being applied. At the test site, IBDs were filled with one T-PRF, and the other T-PRF membrane was adapted over the defects both buccally and lingually, in addition to undergoing an OFD procedure. The mucoperiosteal flaps were then repositioned and sutured with 4/0 monofilament polypropylene sutures (4-0 Prolene ® ; Ethicon, Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA).

Male C57BL/6J mice (6 weeks old) were purchased from SLC (SLC Japan Inc., Shizuoka, Japan). Mice were kept at a controlled temperature (22-26°C) with a 12:12 light-dark cycle, with free access to water and food. Mice were deeply anesthetized by pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.) and butorphanol (5 mg/kg, i.p.). The CLP model was developed by Chaudry et al. (14) as a standard procedure in sepsis research due to the reproducibility of its hemodynamic and metabolic changes. In brief, after a midline abdominal incision, the cecum was carefully mobilized and then ligated with 3-0 silk below the ileocecal valve, approximately 1.2 cm from the tip of the cecum. The cecum was then perforated once with a 21-gauge needle and was squeezed to extrude some feces into the peritoneal cavity. Based on the descriptions in a previous report (15) , we selected the "medium" level of severity because we expected that the prolonged hypoperfusion generated in the highly severe model would make it inadequate for evaluating electrophysiological changes. The abdomen was closed in two layers with 4-0 PROLENE ® (ETHICON Inc. NJ, USA) sutures, and the mouse resuscitated with a subcutaneous lactated Ringer's (30 mL/kg) injection immediately after surgery. The entire procedure was completed within 10 min. Sham-operated mice received the same surgical procedures without ligation and puncture of the cecum.

The VATT procedures were the same in both groups as described by Wright and Keating. 23 We did not use CO 2 insufflation in the cavity in either population (intubated or spontaneous ventilating). The patient was tilted 30 lateral in a semisupine position with a roll under the shoulder. The ipsilateral arm was held abducted over a padded L screen to expose the axilla for port placement. Three 10-mm ports were created. A 30 angled camera was placed in the most lateral 10-mm port. The surgical approach was exclusively from the side of the thymus to enable safe dissection under direct vision. The nontumoral part of the thymus and perithymic fat were always dissected first and used for grasping and traction when dissecting the thymus to minimize the risk of capsular damage. All specimens were safely removed via a specimen bag by enlarging one of the anterior port incisions. Any bleeding or air leak was managed by reinforcement sutures using 4/0 PROLENE (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) or application of sealants such as Biopaper (Datsing Bio-Tech Co Ltd, Beijing, China). Finally, a 24-F chest tube was placed at the end of the operation (Video 1).

Animal welfare guidelines were strictly followed, and the protocol was approved by the Committee on Animal Research of the Universit e Catholique de Louvain (2014/ UCL/M.D./007). Ten nude female mice (Crl:NU-Foxn1nu, Swiss nu/nu; Charles River Laboratories) 6-9 weeks old were used for this study. This specific animal model was chosen because these are athymic outbred immunodeficient (no T cells) mice, ideal for xenografting experiments. Satisfactory housing and breeding conditions were ensured, as previously described (5) . Isoflurane (Zoetis) provided anesthesia (3% for induction and 1.5% for maintenance), with continuous control of air-breathing movements. The back muscle (22) was exposed by means of an L-shaped incision. The ovarian tissue was pierced along its length with a 23-G needle to allow insertion of the probe. The ovarian tissue and probe mesh were then both fixed to the same muscle surface with the use of stitches (6/0 Prolene; Ethicon; Johnson & Johnson International) after scratching the muscle aponeurosis (23) . Two small holes were made caudal to the incision to create inlet and outlet tube passages for continuous measurement (Fig. 1). The skin incision was then closed with the use of 4/0 Prolene (Ethicon).