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30 protocols using u73343

1

Pulse-Chase Metabolomics with TGR5 Assays

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All chemicals were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) unless otherwise stated.
Radioactively labelled substrates for the pulse-chase metabolomics experiment were from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA. The inhibitors and antagonists used in the TGR5 experiments (U73343 (phospholipase C inhibitor), NF449 (G sα -selective antagonist), CINPA1 (CAR antagonist), DY268 (FXR antagonist), GSK2033 (LXR antagonist)) were obtained from Tocris Bioscience and were used at the concentration of 5 µM except for U73343 which was used at a final concentration of 1 µM.
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2

Regulation of calcium signaling in cells

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RPMI-1640 cell culture medium, penicillin/streptomycin and L-glutamine were purchased from Lonza (Walkerville, IL, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was ordered from Atlanta Biologicals (Norcross, GA, USA). MaR2 and MaR1 were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), stored in an ethanol solution at −80 °C. The solution was diluted immediately before use in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with HEPES (KRB-HEPES, 119 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 1.0 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, and 5.5 mM glucose (pH 7.40–7.45)) to the desired concentrations and added to the cells. UEA-1 was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), U73122 and U73343 were purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville, MO, USA). Histamine, carbachol (CCh), 2APB, 1-butanol (1-but) and tert-butanol (t-but) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fura-2/AM was purchased from Life Technologies (Grand Island, NY, USA). n-BOC-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe (BOC2) was ordered from GenScript (Piscatawy, NJ, USA). BLT1 inhibitor U-75302 and LTB4 were ordered from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Lipoxin A4, H89, thapsigargin and RO-317549 were ordered from EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA).
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3

Neuropeptide Regulation of Insulin-Producing Cells

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sNPF neuropeptide was administrated to IPCs and CC using a modified method from a previous study26 (link). sNPF was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (sequence: AQRSPSLRLRF, purity > 95 %, unmodified). We made 50 mM stock solution of sNPF in DMSO (Sigma, D2650) and keep it at −80 °C. Pertussis toxin (Tocris, 3097), U73122 (Tocris, 1268), or U73343 (Tocris, 4133) was mixed with D-glucose or sNPF and treated to IPCs in the brain or AKH-producing cells in CC. We mixed 80 μM sNPF or 20 mM d-glucose contained AHL with 1 ng/μL Pertussis toxin (PT), 1 μM U73122, or 1 μM U73343 (a non-functional enantiomer of U73122). The concentrations of PT, U73122, and U73343 that were used in the experiments were determined based on the pilot experiments.
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4

Calcium Signaling Regulation Assay

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A list of oligonucleotides and antibodies used for the study are listed in Supplementary Tables 2, 3, respectively. K252a (1863), thapsigargin (1138), U73122 (1268/10) and U73343 (4133/10) were from Tocris. Fluo-4-AM (F14201), Powerload (P10020) and Probenecid (P36400) were from Thermo Fisher Scientific. EGTA (E3889) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (B-250) was from Alomone labs.
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5

Calcium Signaling in Human Lung Fibroblasts

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Human lung fibroblast cell line MRC5 cells were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Fura-2-AM was purchased from Teflabs (Austin, TX). U73122 and its inactive analog, U73343 were from Tocris (Minneapolis, MN). Caffeine, clotrimazole (CLZ), 3-Aminobenzamide (3-AB), N-(p-amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA), 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), Chlorpromazine (CLP), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), and all other chemicals were from Sigma. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), penicillin-streptomycin, trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 5-(and-6)-choloromethyl-2′,7′-dicholorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (CM-H2DCFDA), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fetal bovine serum (FBS), Pluronic F-127 (20% in DMSO), and 1,2-bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis, acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA,AM) were from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). MRC5 cells were incubated at 37℃ in a humidified 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere in DMEM containing 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. When the cell culture reached 80% confluence, cells were dispersed by adding trypsin-EDTA for 2 min and then transferred to new culture dishes or to glass coverslip-covered dishes for Ca2+ measurements.
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6

Intracellular Calcium Signaling Assay

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cis-NED 19, trans-NED 19, U73122, and U73343 were acquired from Tocris (Bristol, UK); Fura2/AM, CalciumGreen/AM, and LysoTracker Red DND-99 from ThermoFischer Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA); Mitotracker Deep Red (M22426, Invitrogen), ER-tracker Red (E34250, Invitrogen), WGA Alexa Fluor 594 (Thermo Fisher, W11262), and antibodies anti-TPC1 (#ACC-071) and anti-TPC2 (#ACC-072) from Alomone Labs (Jerusalem, Israel); HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies from BioRad (#170-6515); and the agonists of the receptors from SigmaAldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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7

Platelet activation signaling pathways

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MRS2395 [2,2-Dimethyl-propionic acid 3-(2-chloro-6-methylaminopurin-9-yl)-2-(2,2-dimethyl-propionyloxymethyl)-propyl
ester], adenosine diphosphate (ADP), wortmannin, thrombin and all other chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich
(St Louis, MO, USA) or previously mentioned sources unless specified otherwise.[12 (link), 13 (link)] TRAP-6 (SFLLRN), U73122, U73343, Ro 31–8220, Rottlerin, Go6976, MRS2179, BAPTA,
PSB 0739 and AR-C 66096 were obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK). Ticagrelor was purchased from Oxchem Corporation (Wood Dale, IL,
USA). AYPGKF-NH2 was obtained from Abgent (San Diego, CA, USA). Oregon Green® 488 BAPTA-1 AM (OG488 BAPTA-1 AM)
was from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Carlsbad, CA, USA). PAC-1-FITC and anti-CD62P-APC were obtained from BD Bioscience (San Jose,
CA, USA). Anti-AKT, phospho (p)AKT-Ser473, pGSK3β-Ser9 and pPKC-Ser substrates were from Cell Signaling Technology
(Danvers, MA, USA).
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8

Neuropeptide Regulation of Insulin-Producing Cells

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sNPF neuropeptide was administrated to IPCs and CC using a modified method from a previous study26 (link). sNPF was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (sequence: AQRSPSLRLRF, purity > 95 %, unmodified). We made 50 mM stock solution of sNPF in DMSO (Sigma, D2650) and keep it at −80 °C. Pertussis toxin (Tocris, 3097), U73122 (Tocris, 1268), or U73343 (Tocris, 4133) was mixed with D-glucose or sNPF and treated to IPCs in the brain or AKH-producing cells in CC. We mixed 80 μM sNPF or 20 mM d-glucose contained AHL with 1 ng/μL Pertussis toxin (PT), 1 μM U73122, or 1 μM U73343 (a non-functional enantiomer of U73122). The concentrations of PT, U73122, and U73343 that were used in the experiments were determined based on the pilot experiments.
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9

Drosophila Nutrient Deprivation and Drug Feeding

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Flies were cultured in a humidified incubator at 25C on standard lab food containing per liter: 15 g yeast, 8.6 g soy flour, 63 g corn flour, 5g agar, 5g malt, 74 mL corn syrup.
For nutrient deprivation experiments, 10 days old adult male flies were shifted to 1% sucrose agar for 5 days at 25C, after which they were used for experiments.
For drug feeding experiments, stock solutions for U73122 (Cat # 1268, Tocris) and control U73343 (Cat # 4133, Tocris) were dissolved first in chloroform and then in DMSO as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The 5mM DMSO stock was then added at a concentration of 10μM to 1% sucrose in low melting agarose (Cat# 16520-100, Invitrogen). Flies were cultured in this condition for 4 days at 25C before they were used for imaging experiments.
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10

Preparation of Pharmacological Reagents

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Stock solutions of 5-CT, BaCl2, tertiapin-Q, SCH23390 [(R)-(+)-7-Chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride] were prepared in water and those of SCH28080 (2-Methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-acetonitrile) and U73343 (1-[6-[[(17β)-3-Methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-2,5-pyrrolidinedione) in DMSO. All stock solutions, which were at least a thousand times the highest experimental concentration, were aliquoted and stored at -20°C until use. The highest experimental concentration of DMSO was 0.05%. 5-CT, SCH23390 and U73343 were purchased from Tocris (Tocris Bioscience, Bristol, UK); SCH28080 from HelloBio (Bristol, UK); CGP-55845; D-AP5, SR-95531, NBQX from Abcam (Cambridge, U.K.); tertiapin-Q from Abcam and Tocris; Isoflurane from Baxter S.p.A. (Rome, Italy); HEPES, ATP and DMSO from Fluka (St. Gallen, Switzerland). All other substances were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy)
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