High-purity materials, including Pectine (Sigma-Aldrich Cas.no, (9000–69-5)), Bentonite (Sigma-Aldrich Cas.no, (1302–78-9)), Ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) (ACS reagent, 97%), Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O) (Reagent Plus®, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), Ethanol (96%, Sigma-Aldrich), Sulfuric acid (ACS reagent, 95.0–98.0%, Sigma-Aldrich), Diethyl ether (ACS reagent, anhydrous, ≥ 99.0%, contains BHT as an inhibitor, Sigma-Aldrich), Ammonia (puriss., anhydrous, ≥ 99.9%, Sigma-Aldrich), Sodium hydroxide (reagent grade, ≥ 98%, pellets (anhydrous), Sigma-Aldrich), Calcium chloride (CaCl2)( anhydrous, powder, 99.99% trace metals basis).
Bentonite
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Bentonite is a naturally-occurring clay mineral that is commonly used as an absorbent and suspending agent in various laboratory applications. It is composed primarily of montmorillonite, a hydrated aluminum silicate. Bentonite has high absorption and swelling properties, making it useful for a variety of laboratory functions.
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Lab products found in correlation
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Calcium chloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sodium alginate, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Diethyl ether, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Reagentplus, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Kraft lignin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Chitin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Toluene, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Glycerol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Halloysite, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Graphene nano platelets gnp, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Dodecylamine, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tetraethyl orthosilicate, by Daejung Chemicals (1 mentions)
2400 series 2, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
K3po4, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium borohydride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Potassium ferricyanide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
19 protocols using bentonite
1
Pectine-Bentonite-Based Adsorbent Synthesis
2
Lightweight Cement Slurry with Kraft Lignin
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Example 6
A cement slurry was prepared according to the following composition as shown in table 11 below, which contains 333 g cement H (obtained from Lafarge Cement, Joppa, Ill.), 141 g fly ash c (obtained from Headwaters Resources, Thompsons, Tex.), 52 g bentonite (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co.) plus 19.2 g (4% BWOC) Kraft lignin (obtained from Hinton Pulp, a division of West Fraser Mills Ltd., Hinton, AB) were blended in with 468 g Houston tap water. The slurry viscosities were taken at ambient temperature for three shear rates: 3, 100 and 300 rpm, respectively. The slurry was then run at 200° F. resulting in a total fluid loss of 124 ml, representing a significant gain in the crucial fluid loss control performance of this commercially practiced light weight (12.6 ppg) slurry aimed at shallow well lead cementing operations. It demonstrates that using Kraft lignin alone, at sufficiently high dosage, can achieve certain extent of fluid loss control performance.
3
Fungal Isolate Characterization and Extraction
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4
Polymer/Clay Composites for Dye Adsorption
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Bentonite (Sigma Aldrich, US) and ethyl cellulose ([C6H7O2(OH)3-x(OC2H5)x]n, Hercules, US) with content of ethyl groups of 48%, substitution degree of 2.8, and viscosity of 7 cP were used to prepare polymer/clay composites. The main constituents of Bentonite were as follows: SiO2 (65.9%), Al2O3 (21.5%), Fe2O3 (4.5%), Na2O (2.7%), and CaO (1.6%). Toluene was purchased from Fisher Scientific (UK) and used as a solvent. Thiazine dye, methylene blue (Spain) was used to study adsorption activity of the EC films and composites.
5
Characterization of Mineral Sorbents
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Vermiculite sorbents came from Kovdor (Murmansk Region, Russia). Then they were expanded and three fractions were chosen for the research—super fine (SF—to 1mm), fine (F—1–2 mm) and medium (M—2–4 mm). Glauconite was magnetically separated from tertiary sandy sediments of the Lublin Upland (Poland)—Nowodwór Mine (63–125 µm) [42 (link)]. Bentonite was a commercial product purchased form Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) and had particles diameter <0.2 mm. Perlite (<2 mm) came from western Turkey and was purchased from GEMINA (Istanbul, Turkey). Natural clinoptilolite came from Sokyrnytsya deposit (Transcarpathian region, Ukraine) [43 (link)] and has particles diameter <0.2 mm. The Na-X and Na-A (both <0.2 mm) are the synthetic zeolites which were produced in the hydrothermal conversion of fly ash after coal combustion [44 (link),45 (link)].
6
Cement Slurry Composition and Evaluation
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Example 7
A cement slurry was prepared according to the following composition as shown in table 13 below, which contains 333 g cement H (obtained from Lafarge Cement, Joppa, Ill.), 13.5 g bentonite (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co.) plus 6.8 g of an additive composition of including 2.6 g styrene butadiene copolymer containing minor acrylic and fumaric moieties under Hexion tradename PSB150, 2.6 g polyvinyl acetate under Hexion tradename UP600B, 1.6 g calcium carbonate flake embedded with surfactant under Hexion tradename Xair P, and 6.8 g Kraft lignin (obtained from Hinton Pulp, a division of West Fraser Mills Ltd., Hinton, AB) was blended in together with 330 g Houston tap water. The slurry viscosities were taken at ambient temperature for three shear rates: 3, 100 and 300 rpm, respectively, as shown in table 1. The slurry was then run at 200° F. resulting in a perfect zero ml fluid loss, representing a superb fluid loss control performance of this commercially practiced medium-to-heavy weight (15.5 ppg) slurry.
7
Lightweight Cement Slurry Formulation
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Example 2
A cement slurry was prepared according to the following composition as shown in table 3 below, which contains 333 g cement H (obtained from Lafarge Cement, Joppa, Ill.), 141 g fly ash c (obtained from Headwaters Resources, Thompsons, Tex.), 52 g bentonite (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co.) plus 7.2 g (75% of the original dosage) of an additive composition including 1.8 g styrene butadiene copolymer containing minor acrylic and fumaric moieties under Hexion tradename PSB150, 21.8 g polyvinyl acetate under Hexion tradename UP600B, 3.6 g calcium carbonate flake embedded with surfactant under Hexion tradename Xair P, and 9.6 g Kraft lignin (obtained from Hinton Pulp, a division of West Fraser Mills Ltd., Hinton, AB) was blended in with 468 g Houston tap water. The slurry viscosities were taken at ambient temperature for three shear rates: 3, 100 and 300 rpm, respectively. The slurry was then run at 200° F. resulting in a total fluid loss of 27 ml, representing a significant improvement in the crucial fluid loss control performance of this commercially practiced light weight (12.6 ppg) slurry aimed at shallow well lead cementing operations.
8
Xylan-Based Composite Material Synthesis
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Xylan (with a purity of 95%) was purchased from Leapchem, China. Sodium alginate, glycerol (with a purity of 99.5%), calcium chloride, bentonite, and halloysite were procured from Sigma Aldrich, South Africa. All chemicals were used without further purification.
9
Lightweight Cement Slurry Formulation
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Example 5
A cement slurry was prepared according to the following composition as shown in table 9 below, which contains 333 g cement H (obtained from Lafarge Cement, Joppa, Ill.), 141 g fly ash c (obtained from Headwaters Resources, Thompsons, Tex.), 52 g bentonite (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co.) plus 9.6 g of an additive composition of including 2.4 g styrene butadiene copolymer containing minor acrylic and fumaric moieties under Hexion tradename PSB150, 2.4 g polyvinyl acetate under Hexion tradename UP600B, 4.8 g calcium carbonate flake embedded with surfactant under Hexion tradename Xair P, and 4.8 g Kraft lignin (obtained from Hinton Pulp, a division of West Fraser Mills Ltd., Hinton, AB) was blended in with 468 g Houston tap water. The slurry viscosities were taken at ambient temperature for three shear rates: 3, 100 and 300 rpm. The slurry was then run at 200° F. resulting in a total fluid loss of 35 ml, representing a significant gain in the crucial fluid loss control performance of this commercially practiced light weight (12.6 ppg) slurry aimed at shallow well lead cementing operations.
10
Bentonite and Graphene Rheological Drilling Fluid
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In the current work, bentonite and graphene nano platelets (GNP: Purity > 95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Barite and polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R) were obtained from Scomi Oiltools Sdn. Bhd. Tapioca starch was purchased from a local enterprise in Malaysia. For pH control, potassium hydroxide (KOH) was added and was procured from R&M chemicals. Deionized water was utilized as a base fluid in all mud samples. All chemicals were reagent grade and were used as received without further purification.
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