Emla cream

Wound healing assays were performed as previously described (Rognoni et al, 2016). Briefly, analgesic EMLA cream (AstraZeneca) was applied topically to the back skin of adult mice 10 min before mice were anaesthetised using isoflurane (Cp‐Pharma). A 2 mm punch biopsy (Stiefel) was used to make a full‐thickness wound in the central back skin. Back skin was harvested at the time points indicated after wounding.

Two weeks prior to OGTT, pigs were introduced to a standard meal consisting of 50 g ground pregrower fodder, and acclimated to handling and standing in a sling. OGTT was conducted after overnight fasting. An hour before OGTT, ears were cleaned and Lidocaine/prilocaine cream applied (EMLA Cream; AstraZeneca, Mississauga, Ontario) to reduce pain. After measuring fasting blood glucose (FBG) animals were given the standard meal (50 g) mixed with 2 g/kg glucose solution. Upon finishing the meal (time 0), glucose was measured with a glucometer (Accu-Check Compact Plus; Roche Diagnostics) in whole blood from ear vein at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min. Additional blood samples were collected - during the first 45 min by 70 μl microhematocrit capillary tubes coated with ammonium heparin (Fisher Scientific). Blood samples were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 min at 4 °C and plasma collected and stored at −80 °C until assayed for insulin by ELISA, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Alpco Diagnostics, Salem, N.H., USA). Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were plotted as a function of time, and area under the curve was calculated using established methods72 (link).

This was studied for eight subjects (mean age 29 ± 12 years, five males and three females), with several participating in other sets of observations (n = 6). The experimental protocol consisted of positive impulses (at two intensities: 0 and +6 dB) and tendon hammer taps applied over C7 while both standing and kneeling. After completion of the baseline observations, local anaesthetic was applied over C7 either topically (n = 5) or via subcutaneous injection (n = 3). Topical anaesthesia was applied over a 6 × 7 cm area using 5 % EMLA cream (AstraZeneca Australia, North Ryde) and secured with Tegaderm transparent film dressing (3 M Health Care, MN). Subcutaneous administration was carried out using 3–4 ml of 2 % lignocaine hydrochloride (Pfizer Australia, West Ryde) injected to 4–6 sites around the usual stimulation site. Skin sensation was assessed approximately 45–60 min postapplication using neurological examination pins (Neurotips, Owen Mumford Inc., GA). Overall, the anesthetised region was approximately 5 cm × 6 cm and included the area of the applied stimuli. The subjects were then retested.

No premedication was administered. A peripheral venous catheter was inserted approximately 2 h prior to surgery (while in the unit). EMLA cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%, Astra Zeneca Inc., Sweden) was used to ease venous cannulation. HR, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation (SaO2), electrocardiogram (ECG), and bispectral index (BIS) were monitored. After preoxygenation via face mask, anesthesia was induced with propofol 2–3 mg/kg and inhalation of 6 vol% sevoflurane. After the pupils were fixed, the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted and the ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block was performed by ultrasound guidance to relieve postoperative pain. Anesthesia was maintained with 2-3 vol% sevoflurane to maintained BIS from 40 to 60 and retaining spontaneous respiration. After the vital signs were stable, study groups received a rapid bolus injection of different doses of DEX (Jiangsu singch pharmaceutical co., LTD) at a rate of less than 5 s, while patients in the control group received saline in an equal volume. When the surgery was completed, every one of the patients was moved to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), and the children naturally regained consciousness.

The BB, SP, IF, TBLH muscle bellies were first located by manual palpation. The surface of the skin was prepared for ultrasound with isopropyl alcohol. The skin was anaesthetized using Emla cream (at 1.5 g/10 cm², Astra-Zeneca, Sweden) to eliminate discomfort as the needle penetrated the skin. Bare skin of the inner left thigh was exposed by trimming a 2 cm by 2 cm patch of hair with a clipper; a surface electrode (pre-gelled, Ag-Ag/Cl, 10 mm inner diameter, MediTrace 130, Kendall, MA, USA) was placed here to provide a ground reference.