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6 protocols using amp cp

1

Compound Treatment on Cell Lines

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HeLa, primary renal proximal tubule epithelial, SH-SY5Y, and HT29 human cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. Cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 25 mM glucose and supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, 10% fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics. Cultures were brought to 50 to 70% confluence and exposed to different compounds. NAM dinucleotide (NAD+), NMN, NAM, and ADO were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich. NR was synthesized as described by Yang et al. (68 (link)). NAD+, NMN, NR, NAM, and ADO were dissolved in culture media. Apigenin was dissolved in DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich). PJ34, 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, AMPCP, and novobiocin were dissolved in water (Sigma-Aldrich). All results are expressed as the percentage of the control (untreated cells); each sample was normalized by the protein content.
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2

Preparation of CaMKII and EAG Proteins

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Drosophila full-length CaMKII (R3 isoform;58 (link)) was a gift of Leslie Griffith (Brandeis University, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) while full-length Drosophila EAG (GenBank: M61157) was a gift of Dianne Papazian (UCLA, California, U.S.A.). Nucleotides (ATP (Sigma), AMPPNP (Jena Biosciences), ADP (Sigma) and AMPCP (Sigma)) were processed according to manufactures’ instructions. Stock solutions at 50 mM of ATP, AMPPNP and ADP were freshly prepared in either 1 M Tris pH 7.5 or 1 M HEPES pH 7.5. Stock solution of AMPCP at 50 mM in 1 M HEPES pH 7.5 was stored at −20 °C. λ-phosphatase (NEB) was processed according to manufacturer’s instructions, aliquoted and stored at −80 °C. Stock solutions of reagents used in the ATPase assay were prepared as follows: phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP; Sigma) at 50 mM in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH; Sigma) at 6 mM in 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5; peptide syntide (GenScript) was prepared in water at 2.5 mM. All these solutions were kept aliquoted at −80 °C. The pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase mix (Sigma) was at 600–1000 units ml−1 and 900–1400 units ml−1 activity, respectively, and kept at −20 °C.
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3

Enzymatic Activity of CD73 in UC-MSC EVs

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The enzymatic activity of CD73 in UC‐MSC EV preparations was determined by incubating 10 μl of EVs (representing between 7 × 109 ‐ 2.8 x 1010 particles) in 10 mM HEPES (Sigma H3537) buffer containing 2 mM MgCl2 (Merck Millipore, MA, USA) with 10 μM AMP (Sigma 01930) for 20 min at 37°C. The amount of AMP consumption was detected with the AMP‐Glo Assay Kit (Promega, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer´s protocol and measured with Spark multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). 2 ng rhCD73 (Sigma N1665) was used as positive control and AMP‐CP (Sigma M8386) as CD73 inhibitor.
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4

Immune Cell Culture Media Optimization

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RPMI-1640 (BE12-167F; Lonza) was supplemented with fetal bovine serum (10270106; Thermo Fisher Scientific), AB-serum (H4522; Sigma-Aldrich) where indicated, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin (DE17-603E; Lonza), 2 mmol/l l-glutamine (BE17-605E; Lonza), 25 mmol/l HEPES and 1 mmol/l sodium pyruvate (Sigma-Aldrich). FBS was depleted of bovine exosomes by pelleting at 100,000 g for 2 h. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, L4391), ATP (A6419) and AMP-CP (CD73 inhibitor, M8386) were obtained from Sigma. PGE2, (2292), NECA (1691) and SCH58261 (adenosine A2A receptor inhibitor, 2270) were obtained from Tocris. PGE2-receptor inhibitors AH-6809 (EP2 inhibitor; CAY14050) and AH-23848 (EP4 inhibitor; CAY-19023) were obtained from Cayman Chemicals.
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5

Immunomodulatory Cytokine and Receptor Agonist Assay

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Human and murine GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were obtained from Peprotech. PGE2 and D-cAMP were obtained from Tocris. The EP2 receptor agonist Butaprost and EP4 receptor agonist CAY10598 were obtained from Cayman. Forskolin was obtained from Enzo Life Sciences. STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201 and CREB inhibitor 666-15 were obtained from Calbiochem. Adenosine, ADA, AMP, AMP-CP, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (ADA inhibitor), OVA, and human serum were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Neutralizing anti–IL-10 Ab was obtained from R&D Systems. Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
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6

Enzymatic Activity Assay for CD73 in UC-MSC-EVs

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The enzymatic activity of CD73 in UC-MSC-EV preparations was determined by incubating 10 µL of EVs in 10 mM HEPES (Sigma H3537) buffer containing 2 mM MgCl 2 (Merck Millipore, MA, USA) with 10 µM AMP (Sigma 01930) for 20 min at 37°C. The amount of AMP consumption was detected with the AMP-Glo™ Assay Kit (Promega, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer´s protocol and measured with Spark® multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). 2 ng rhCD73 (Sigma N1665) was used as positive control and AMP-CP (Sigma M8386) as CD73 inhibitor.
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