Hem 7221

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured via an Omron HEM-7221 electronic sphygmomanometer.

Demographic data collection was performed according to our previous study [12 (link)]. Briefly, a structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the patient’s sex, age, marital status, type of work, smoking, alcohol consumption, and history of medical illness. Risk factors and symptoms of DM were also interviewed as the second part of the questionnaire. Symptoms of DM including polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, paresthesia, taste disturbance, stress, bad breath, halitosis, and insomnia were also retrieved from each subject. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured from the right arm in the seated position after the subject rested for at least 5 min using an automatic sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-7221^®, Omron Healthcare Co., Kyoto, Japan). Bodyweight was measured with a mechanical balance to the nearest 1.0 kg. Standing height was measured and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height square (m²). Overweight was defined as a BMI over 23 kg/m². Waist circumference ≥ 80 cm in females or ≥90 cm in males indicated central obesity [16 (link)].

Body height of the participants was measured using SECA Stadiometer 213 (Germany) to the nearest 0.1 cm. Body weight of the participants was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a calibrated digital electronic weighing scale (TANITA, HD 319) with light clothing, without accessories, socks, and shoes, by trained personnel. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilogram divided by the square of the height in meters. BMI was categorized as normal (BMI ≤ 18.5–24.99 kg/m²) and overweight/obese (≥BMI 25.00) [19 ].
Waist circumference (WC) was measured using the SECA measuring tape (SECureA 201, Germany). Abdominal obesity was classified as WC > 80 cm (women) and WC > 90 cm [20 ]. Blood pressure was measured using a digital automatic blood pressure monitor (Omron HEM-7221) to the nearest 0.1 units with appropriate cuff size. All measurements were done in duplicate, and mean readings were computed for data analysis.