Composite AEMs were fabricated using a solution casting technique. Typically, 20 g of PVA (Mw = 31,000–50,000 g·mol−1, 98–99% hydrolyzed, Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria) was dissolved in 180 g of ultra-pure water at 80–90 °C while continuously stirring to obtain 10 wt.% PVA. Afterward, 100 g of 10 wt.% PDDA solution (20 wt.% aqueous solution, Mw = 400,000–500,000, Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria) was then blended with 200 g of aforementioned PVA solution, resulting in PVA/PDDA with a weight ratio of 1:0.5. An appropriate amount of nano-zirconia (0–2.5 wt.%) (<100 nm, SA ≥ 25 m2/g, Sigma-Aldrich, Vienna, Austria) was introduced to PVA/PDDA solution under stirring and ultra-sonication for one hour. The resulting solutions were cast onto the glass surface with Elcometer 4340 (elcometer, Michigan, IN, USA) automatic film applicator and evaporated under ambient conditions for 24 h. Afterward, the dried membranes were peeled from the substrate. Figure 1 illustrates the procedure of PVA//PDDA/NZ AEMs preparation.
Polyvinyl alcohol (pva)
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, United Kingdom, Spain, India, China, Italy, Canada, Sao Tome and Principe, France, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland, Australia, Austria, Poland, Czechia, Ireland, Macao, Israel, Hungary, Cameroon, Brazil, Thailand, Romania, Indonesia, Portugal
Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic, water-soluble polymer. It is commonly used as a raw material in the production of various laboratory equipment and supplies.
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Lab products found in correlation
Chitosan, by Merck Group (71 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (61 mentions)
Dichloromethane, by Merck Group (55 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (53 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (50 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (47 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (47 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (39 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (36 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (34 mentions)
Phosphate buffered saline (pbs), by Merck Group (34 mentions)
Glycerol, by Merck Group (34 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (32 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (32 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (32 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (31 mentions)
Polyvinylpyrrolidone, by Merck Group (31 mentions)
Chloroform, by Merck Group (29 mentions)
Sodium chloride (nacl), by Merck Group (26 mentions)
Glutaraldehyde, by Merck Group (25 mentions)
1 610 protocols using polyvinyl alcohol (pva)
1
Fabrication of PVA/PDDA/NZ Composite AEMs
2
Fabrication of PVA/TA Hydrogel Films
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To prepare hydrogel ink, the 4000 mg of PVA (Sigma- Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA,
20% w/w, Mw 89,000– 98,000) powder was added to deionized (DI) water,
heated at 90°C, and continuously stirred to obtain a transparent
solution. After 20 min, TA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at different
ratios (PVA: TA = 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2) was added to the PVA solution and stirred
for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous PVA/TA solution. The PVA/TA solution was then
poured into a mold, pressed to be spread thinly and widely, stored in a
refrigerator at -20°C for 8 h, and thawed at 25°C for 4 h to form
a PVA/TA hydrogel. The PVA/TA hydrogel was dried in an oven at 37°C for 1
h and annealed at 100°C for 1 h to obtain a dry PVA/TA film. To form the
PVA/TA/PAA network, PVA/TA film was immersed in 45 mL of aqueous acrylic acid
solution (30% w/w acrylic acid, 0.03% w/w N, N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine,
and 0.15% w/w 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride in
deionized water) for 2 h. The soaked hydrogel was heated at 70°C for 30
min to form the PAA network. To prepare the pure PVA hydrogel and PVA/ PAA
hydrogel, we used a PVA hydrogel without TA but otherwise followed the same
process.
20% w/w, Mw 89,000– 98,000) powder was added to deionized (DI) water,
heated at 90°C, and continuously stirred to obtain a transparent
solution. After 20 min, TA (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at different
ratios (PVA: TA = 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2) was added to the PVA solution and stirred
for 2 h to obtain a homogeneous PVA/TA solution. The PVA/TA solution was then
poured into a mold, pressed to be spread thinly and widely, stored in a
refrigerator at -20°C for 8 h, and thawed at 25°C for 4 h to form
a PVA/TA hydrogel. The PVA/TA hydrogel was dried in an oven at 37°C for 1
h and annealed at 100°C for 1 h to obtain a dry PVA/TA film. To form the
PVA/TA/PAA network, PVA/TA film was immersed in 45 mL of aqueous acrylic acid
solution (30% w/w acrylic acid, 0.03% w/w N, N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine,
and 0.15% w/w 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride in
deionized water) for 2 h. The soaked hydrogel was heated at 70°C for 30
min to form the PAA network. To prepare the pure PVA hydrogel and PVA/ PAA
hydrogel, we used a PVA hydrogel without TA but otherwise followed the same
process.
3
Fabrication of Tunable PVA Vascular Grafts
4
Solid-State Wire Supercapacitor Fabrication
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The PVA/H2SO4 gel was used as the solid electrolyte, which was prepared as follows: 2.2 g of PVA (weight-average molecular weight, 85,000 to 124,000; Sigma-Aldrich) powder was added into 20 ml of water, followed by heating at 90°C under vigorous stirring, and then 2.2 g of H2SO4 was added after the PVA solution became clear.
For supercapacitor construction, the 3D graphene-RACNT fibers were precoated with a layer of PVA/H2SO4 gel and then dried at room temperature for 1 hour. The flexible solid-state wire supercapacitor was then fabricated by intertwisting two of the 3D graphene-RACNT fiber electrodes together.
The surface-specific capacitance for the solid-state wire capacitance was calculated from the galvanostatic charge and discharge curves by using the following equation: where I is the applied current, Δt is the discharge time, S is the surface area of the graphene-RACNT wire electrodes, and V is the potential range.
The corresponding length-specific capacitance was calculated from the galvanostatic charge and discharge curves using the following equation: where L is the length of the graphene-CNT wire electrodes.
The surface- and length-specific capacitances for the three-electrode supercapacitor in H2SO4 were calculated from the galvanostatic charge and discharge curves using the following equations:
For supercapacitor construction, the 3D graphene-RACNT fibers were precoated with a layer of PVA/H2SO4 gel and then dried at room temperature for 1 hour. The flexible solid-state wire supercapacitor was then fabricated by intertwisting two of the 3D graphene-RACNT fiber electrodes together.
The surface-specific capacitance for the solid-state wire capacitance was calculated from the galvanostatic charge and discharge curves by using the following equation: where I is the applied current, Δt is the discharge time, S is the surface area of the graphene-RACNT wire electrodes, and V is the potential range.
The corresponding length-specific capacitance was calculated from the galvanostatic charge and discharge curves using the following equation: where L is the length of the graphene-CNT wire electrodes.
The surface- and length-specific capacitances for the three-electrode supercapacitor in H2SO4 were calculated from the galvanostatic charge and discharge curves using the following equations:
5
Fabrication of Crosslinked PVA Films and Scaffolds
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A 10% aqueous solution of PVA (Sigma-Aldrich, 85–124 kDa, 87–89% hydrolyzed) was prepared by dissolving PVA in distilled deionized (DDI) water at 121°C for 20 min using an autoclave. After mixing to ensure homogeneity, the PVA solution was used immediately or stored at 4°C until further use. The aqueous solution of PVA (12 g) was cross-linked by the addition of 1000 μl of 15% (w/v) sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) (Sigma-Aldrich) and 400 μl of 30% (w/v) sodium hydroxide. To create planar PVA films for permeability assay (see Testing PVA Permeability to Biomolecules ), glass coverslips were dipped in cross-linking PVA solution and left to dry at 18°C for 3 days. A cylindrical mold with a uniform outer diameter was dipped four times into a cross-linking PVA solution, with an interval of 15 min at each dip. The scaffolds were dried at 18°C and 60–80% humidity conditions for 3 days. Afterwards, the PVA grafts were used for making PVA–IPC grafts (see Fabrication of PVA–IPC Grafts with Different IPC Fiber Orientation ).
6
Synthesis of Porous PVA Sponge
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Prior to preparing PVA sponge, PVA (MW = 125 000, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in distilled water and heated in a water bath at 80°C to prepare the 10 wt% PVA aqueous solution. For making bubble and preparing a crosslinking reaction, the solution was mixed with triton X-100 and 37% formaldehyde (Merk) by a homogenizer. About 35% HCl was added directly to the frothed solution and remixed by a homogenizer. The final frothed solution was poured to a pre-heated conical tube and transferred into the 65°C oven for cross-linking. After 6 h, solid foam was washed by tap water to remove unreacted residues. The solid foam was put into a considerable quantity of distilled water, and then the distilled water was heated 1 h for entirely removing pore trapped residues (especially Triton-X 100) by using vaporized DI water bubble. In order to quench unreacted formaldehyde, the sample was put into 1 wt % glycine and stirring overnight. The solid foam was washed by a great quantity of DI water and dried 3 days at room temperature.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Ruthenium Nanoparticles
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Ru(NO)(NO3)3 solution (1.5 wt% Ru) was purchased from STREM Chemicals. Sodium borohydride and citric acid were provided by Acros Organics, and sodium hydrogenocarbonate by Aldrich Chemicals (Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France), and they were used without any further purification. Poly(citric acid-β-cyclodextrin), PCD, was synthesized by polyesterification in the presence of citric acid according to a previously reported procedure.25 (link) Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA, was purchased from Aldrich Chemicals, 87–89% hydrolyzed, LMW = 31–50 kg mol−1, MMW = 85–124 kg mol−1 and HMW = 146–186 kg mol−1 (respectively named LMW-PVA, MMW-PVA and HMW-PVA), and used as received. Purified deionized water was purchased from Fresenius Kabi.
8
Synthesis and Characterization of Dialdehyde Cellulose/PVA Scaffolds
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The chemical reactions corresponding to the protocol are shown in Figure 1 . Extra pure microcrystalline cellulose (mean particles size: 90 µm) was suspended with 6.25, 12.5 or 25% w/w sodium periodate in water for 4 h reaction at 90°C under conventional thermal heating with stirring and reflux. Dried DAC powders with theoretical molar dialdehyde content of 9, 18 and 36% were stored at room temperature (RT). Reaction yield is determined from the dried product mass. For the formulation of DAC/PVA (2:1), 3.2 g of DAC and 1.6 g of fully hydrolysed PVA (Sigma Aldrich) were suspended in 20 mL of concentrated 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; 99.5% Extra Dry) at 12% w/w Lithium chloride (LiCl; 99%) for 20 min reaction at 90°C under conventional thermal heating with constant stirring. The resulting paste was deposited in pre-made PDMS moulds forming cylindrical samples 16 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick following successive immersion in absolute ethanol (Fisher Bioreagents, Waltham, MA, USA) and ultra-pure water (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA).
DAC/PVA ratio was also modulated to 1:1 and 1:2. Macro-porosity is promoted by 1 g/mL NaCl (0–500 µm and 50–100 µm; VWR Chemicals; Radnor, PA, USA) addition before casting. Long-term storage of the resulted DAC/PVA scaffolds was ensured in absolute ethanol at 4 °C.
DAC/PVA ratio was also modulated to 1:1 and 1:2. Macro-porosity is promoted by 1 g/mL NaCl (0–500 µm and 50–100 µm; VWR Chemicals; Radnor, PA, USA) addition before casting. Long-term storage of the resulted DAC/PVA scaffolds was ensured in absolute ethanol at 4 °C.
9
Synthesis of Au/Fe_OH and Au/Fe_O Catalysts
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This precipitate was dried at 120 C in air for ca. 12 h to generate the hydrated iron oxide support (Fe_OH). The oxide support (Fe_O) was obtained via calcination of Fe_OH in air at 400 C for 2 h. [13] For colloidal deposition, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, M w 10,000 from Aldrich, 80% hydrolyzed) was used as the protecting agent. Typically, 0.675 mL of 0.5 wt.% PVA solution (Au:PVA = 1.5:1 in weight) and 2 mL of 0.0125 mol•L -1 HAuCl 4 solution were added into 50 mL of Millipore water (18.25 MΩ) at room temperature under vigorous stirring. After stirring for 10 min, a rapid injection of 1.30 mL of 0.1 mol•L -1 NaBH 4 aqueous solution led to formation of a dark orange-brown solution. 0.5 g Fe_OH or Fe_O was then added to the colloidal gold solution immediately under vigorous stirring, which was continued for 6 h until complete adsorption of the gold (1 wt.%), which was indicated by decoloration of the solution. The solids were collected by filtration and washing with Millipore water to remove dissolved impurities (Cl -, e. g.). After drying at 60 C in air overnight, CD_Au/Fe_OH and CD_Au/Fe_O were obtained. All the above steps were carried out in the absence of light by covering all containers with aluminum foil.
10
Nanosuspension Formulation Protocols
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Boron nitride, medium molecular weight (MW) chitosan, Tween 20, acetic acid, Poloxamer 407, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, high MW), and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) used in the preparation of nanosuspensions were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Tween 60 and PVA (low MW) were purchased from Merck (Germany). Gibco™ DMEM/F12 and Gibco™ FBS used for cell culture studies were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific (USA). Penicillin/Streptomycin, PBS, Trypsin/EDTA, MTT Cell Growth Assay Kit CT-02, and Triton™ X-100 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Deionized water (Direct-Q® 3 UV Millipore, Merck) was used in all formulations (18.2 MΩ·cm, TOC ≤ 4 ppb).
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