Bovine bile extract b 3883

Carvedilol (CRV) was purchased from Cipla Ltd. (Mumbai, India) and Polysorbate 65 (Tween 65) was obtained from Croda Euro Ltd. (Fogras de la Selva, Spain). Tripalmitin (Dynasan 116) was kindly provided by IOI Oleo (Witten, Germany). Soy phospholipid (S-PC) was obtained from Lipoid (Ludwigshafen, Germany) and maleic acid, tris base, 4-bromobenzeneboronic acid (4-BBBA), bovine bile extract (B-3883) and porcine pancreatic lipase extract (P-1625) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium hydroxide, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and calcium chloride dihydrate were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Methanol (MeOH, HPLC grade) and acetonitrile (ACN, HPLC grade) were obtained from VWR (Herlev, Denmark).

All chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and ultrapure water (18 MΩ cm resistance) treated in a Milli‐Q water purification system was used throughout the experiments. α‐Amylase from human saliva (A1031), pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa (P6887), pancreatin from porcine pancreas (P7545), porcine bile extract (B8631), and bovine bile extract (B3883) were purchased from Sigma‐Aldrich. Carotenoid standards β‐carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin (purity ≥ 98%, ≥95% and ≥98%, respectively) were acquired from Extrasynthese.
The organic powders of A. platensis and C. pyrenoidosa and cold‐pressed coconut oil (C. nucifera L.) were bought from a local health‐food store and stored at room temperature in their original packaging until use. The two organic microalgal powders were purchased from the same company (China was specified as the country of origin), and the nutritional values listed on the labels are shown in Table 1. The daily recommended dosage on the supplier's label was 3–10 g (1–3 spoons) of A. platensis and 2–5 g (1–2 spoons) of C. pyrenoidosa.