α carotene

Manufactured by CaroteNature

Sourced in Switzerland, France

α-carotene is a natural pigment found in various plants and some animals. It is a provitamin, which means it can be converted into vitamin A in the body. α-carotene is a red-orange colored compound that belongs to the carotenoid family of molecules.

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Lab products found in correlation

β carotene, by CaroteNature (6 mentions) Lutein, by CaroteNature (6 mentions) β cryptoxanthin, by CaroteNature (5 mentions) Zeaxanthin, by CaroteNature (5 mentions) Lycopene, by CaroteNature (4 mentions) Antheraxanthin, by CaroteNature (3 mentions) β carotene, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Astaxanthin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Lutein, by Extrasynthese (2 mentions) Zeaxanthin, by Extrasynthese (2 mentions) β cryptoxanthin, by Extrasynthese (2 mentions) Fucoxanthin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Lycopene, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Phytoene, by CaroteNature (2 mentions) Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Violaxanthin, by CaroteNature (2 mentions) Butylated hydroxytoluene, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Isopropanol ipa, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)

13 protocols using α carotene

Carotenoid Extraction and Quantification

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All solvents used for the extractions and separations were of analytical grade. Specifically, ethanol (EtOH) was purchased from Acros Organics, methanol (MeOH), hexane and petroleum ether were provided by Carlo Erba, while isopropanol (IPA) and methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE) were obtained from Fisher Chemicals. The HPLC grade solvents acetonitrile (ACN), chloroform and dichloromethane (DCM) were also obtained from Fisher Chemicals. Water, acetonitrile and methanol used for the LC–MS/MS determinations were obtained from J.T. Baker as LC-MS grade solvents. Finally, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), potassium hydroxide (KOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and diethyl ether (Et₂O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Silica gel 60 (230–400 mesh) was obtained from Merck.
Zeaxanthin (≥98%), lutein (≥95%), and β-cryptoxanthin (≥97%) standards were purchased from Extra Synthese; (E/Z) phytoene (≥95%) and α-carotene (≥95%) standards were obtained from CaroteNature. Astaxanthin (≥95%), lycopene (≥95%), α-carotene (≥95%) and fucoxanthin (≥95%) standards were provided by Sigma-Aldrich. These carotenoid standards were selected as the most significant carotenoids in different matrices, such as plant material, animal feed, aquafeed and various tissues.

Myrtsi E.D., Koulocheri S.D., Evergetis E, & Haroutounian S.A. (2022). Pigments’ analysis of Citrus juicing making by‐products by LC‐MS/MS and LC‐DAD. MethodsX, 9, 101888.

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Carotenoid Standards Acquisition and Purification

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Violaxanthin, neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, phytoene, β-cryptoxanthin, phytofluene, α-carotene, β-carotene, ζ-carotene, δ-carotene, γ-carotene, neurosporene and lycopene were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland). Methanol was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Tert-methyl butyl ether (MTBE), chloroform and dichloromethane were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Panoli, Gujrat, India), hexane from Sigma chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and ethanol from Hayman Ltd. (Essex, USA). All reagents were HPLC grade or higher. A Millipore Milli-Q water purification system was used to obtain high purity of water.

Gupta P., Sreelakshmi Y, & Sharma R. (2015). A rapid and sensitive method for determination of carotenoids in plant tissues by high performance liquid chromatography. Plant Methods, 11, 5.

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Quantitative Analysis of Carotenoids

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Zeaxanthin (≥98%), lutein (≥95%), β-cryptoxanthin (≥97%) standards were purchased from ExtraSynthese (Genay, France), α-carotene (≥95%) standard was obtained from CaroteNature (Münsingen, Switzerland), astaxanthin, β-carotene, and fucoxanthin (≥95%) standards were provided from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and canthaxanthin (≥93%) was from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA). LC-MS grade methanol solvent was obtained from JT Baker and absolute ethanol from Fisher Chemical (Chicago, IL, USA). The analytical grade solvents isopropanol, methanol, dichloromethane, and diethyl ether were purchased from Fisher Chemical and petroleum ether (40–60 °C), chloroform, and dimethyl sulfoxide from Carlo Erba (Val-de-Reuil, France), Fisher Chemical (Chicago, IL, USA), and Sigma-Aldrich (Chicago, IL, USA), respectively. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was purchased from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA).

Mavrommatis A., Zografaki M.E., Marka S., Myrtsi E.D., Giamouri E., Christodoulou C., Evergetis E., Iliopoulos V., Koulocheri S.D., Moschopoulou G., Simitzis P.E., Pappas A.C., Flemetakis E., Koutinas A., Haroutounian S.A, & Tsiplakou E. (2022). Effect of a Carotenoid Extract from Citrus reticulata By-Products on the Immune-Oxidative Status of Broilers. Antioxidants, 11(1), 144.

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Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments

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Standards for Chl a, Phy a, Phy b, and β-Car were obtained from Wako Pure Chemicals (Tokyo, Japan). Chl b and Chl c1 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Japan Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and DHI Laboratory Products (Hørsholm, Denmark), respectively. α-Carotene, Lut, Zx, Vx, and Nx were purchased from Carote Nature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). dl-α-Tocopherol (α-Toc) was obtained from Kanto Chemical Co. Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Fx standard for use in this study was purified from the TL content of S. horneri, as described previously [20 (link)]. Tricosanoic acid (C23:0), used as an internal standard in the gas chromatography (GC) analysis, was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Tokyo, Japan). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade solvents were used for the HPLC analysis and purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All other solvents and chemicals used in the study were of analytical grade.

Susanto E., Fahmi A.S., Hosokawa M, & Miyashita K. (2019). Variation in Lipid Components from 15 Species of Tropical and Temperate Seaweeds. Marine Drugs, 17(11), 630.

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Quantification of Bioactive Compounds

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Reagents were purchased from various suppliers as follows: Authentic standards of kuromanin (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside chloride), chlorogenic acid (3-caffeoylquinic acid), gentisic acid, rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinoside) (Extrasynthèse, Genay, France); the standard for carotenoids (lutein, carotene, α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene) were purchased from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland); gallic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, Trolox [(S)-(-)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid], ABTS [2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], fluorescein disodium, AAPH [2,2′-azobis (2-methyl-propionamide)], ascorbic acid, meta-phosphoric acid, DTT (dithiothreitol), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) as well as acetonitrile, ethanol, methanol, acetone, methyl tert-butyl ether, formic acid and acetic acid (all HPLC grade) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). In all experiments Milli-Q (Merck Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) water was used.

Blando F., Berland H., Maiorano G., Durante M., Mazzucato A., Picarella M.E., Nicoletti I., Gerardi C., Mita G, & Andersen Ø.M. (2019). Nutraceutical Characterization of Anthocyanin-Rich Fruits Produced by “Sun Black” Tomato Line. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 133.

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Carotenoid Standards Acquisition

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Standards of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, β-carotene and α-carotene were acquired from CaroteNature (GmbH, Lupsingen, Switzerland). HPLC-grade solvents including acetonitrile, methanol and ethyl acetate were obtained from Merck (KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

Tomlekova N., Spasova-Apostolova V., Pantchev I, & Sarsu F. (2021). Mutation Associated with Orange Fruit Color Increases Concentrations of β-Carotene in a Sweet Pepper Variety (Capsicum annuum L.). Foods, 10(6), 1225.

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Carotenoid Standards Synthesis and Characterization

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α-Carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and lutein-5,6-epoxide were purchased from Carote Nature GmbH (Münsingen, Switzerland). Zeinoxanthin used for standard was synthesized by Wittig condensation of C₂₅-apocarotenal derived from commercially available α-ionone, with previously prepared C₁₅-phosphonium salt possessing 3-hyxroxy-β-end group [33 (link)]. ¹H NMR data of synthetic zeinoxanthin were identical with those reported in Reference [34 (link)].

Koizumi J., Takatani N., Kobayashi N., Mikami K., Miyashita K., Yamano Y., Wada A., Maoka T, & Hosokawa M. (2018). Carotenoid Profiling of a Red Seaweed Pyropia yezoensis: Insights into Biosynthetic Pathways in the Order Bangiales. Marine Drugs, 16(11), 426.

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Analytical Reagents for Phytochemical Analysis

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The following chemicals and reagents were used for the analyses: methanol (99.95%), acetonitrile (99.99%), and ammonium acetate, purchased from Carl Roth GmbH and Co. KG (Germany); tetrahydrofuran (99.7%) from VWR International GmbH (Germany); methyl tert-butyl ether (99.8%) from Geyer GmbH & Co. KG (Germany); formic acid (98-100%), dichloromethane (99.9%), isopropanol (99.95%), Tween 20 from Serva Electrophoresis GmbH (Germany); methyl salicylate (MeSA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) from Merck AG (Germany); C7-C40 alkanes (Supelco-49452-U), terpinenes (α, δ, ɣ), trans-β-ocimene, n-hexanal, nonanal, nerolidol, β-pinene, myrcene, sabinene, phellandrenes (α, β), β-caryophyllene and β-carotene from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany); α-carotene, (9Z)-neoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin from CaroteNature GmbH (Switzerland). Lutein was isolated from Tagetes erecta by flash chromatography. After saponification, the lutein was purified and crystallized. Its structure was elucidated by NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (Baldermann, 2008 ), and compared to the authentic reference compound purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Germany).

Errard A., Ulrichs C., Kühne S., Mewis I., Mishig N., Maul R., Drungowski M., Parolin P., Schreiner M, & Baldermann S. (2016). Metabolite Profiling Reveals a Specific Response in Tomato to Predaceous Chrysoperla carnea Larvae and Herbivore(s)-Predator Interactions with the Generalist Pests Tetranychus urticae and Myzus persicae. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1256.

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Carotenoid Extraction and HPLC Analysis

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Carotenoid pigments were extracted from 96 LA RILs and 176 FC RILs as described by Lee et al. (2021) (link) with some modifications. Pepper powder was pooled from three individual plants and 0.05 g of pooled powder was used to extract carotenoids. Samples were dissolved in 500 μl of HPLC-grade acetone (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, United States) and filtered using a 0.2-μm syringe filter (Acrodisc LC 13-mm syringe filter, PVDF membrane, Pall, NY, United States). The HPLC was performed using Ultimate3000 HPLC (Thermo Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) at the National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management (Seoul, South Korea). We analyzed seven carotenoids, capsanthin, capsorubin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and α-carotene (CaroteNature, Münsingen, Switzerland), as standards.
Carotenoid pigments were extracted from 176 FC RILs. The HPLC was performed using Ultimate3000 HPLC (Thermo Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, United States) in the Molecular Marker and Food Ingredients Analysis Center of Agricultural Science Research Institute at Chungnam National University.

Jang S., Kim G.W., Han K., Kim Y.M., Jo J., Lee S.Y., Kwon J.K, & Kang B.C. (2022). Investigation of genetic factors regulating chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis in red pepper fruit. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 922963.

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Carotenoid Quantification in Biological Samples

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Lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, lycopene, ammonium acetate, butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT), sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, L-ascorbic acid, Na₂-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, ethyl gallate, and HPLC-grade denatured ethanol were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Solvents including ethyl acetate, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, petroleum ether, hexanes and HCl were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Echinenone, α-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene were from CaroteNature (Lupsingen, Switzerland). Zeaxanthin was from IndoFine (Hillsborough, NJ).

Lipkie T.E., Morrow A.L., Jouni Z.E., McMahon R.J, & Ferruzzi M.G. (2015). Longitudinal Survey of Carotenoids in Human Milk from Urban Cohorts in China, Mexico, and the USA. PLoS ONE, 10(6), e0127729.

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