Coda 2
Manufactured by Kent Scientific
Sourced in United States
The CODA 2 is a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring system. It provides accurate measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
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20 protocols using coda 2
1
Noninvasive Tail-Cuff Blood Pressure Measurement
2
Metabolic Measurements in Rat Model
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Pre-treatment measurements were recorded at week 9, before the administration of control or AM251 treatments, and post-treatment measurements were recorded at week 15 in the final week of the intervention. Rat weight and food consumption were recorded daily throughout the experimental period. Pre-weighed food was provided to the rats to access ad libitum. After 24 h, the amount of food remaining, including any on the bottom of the cages was recorded. Food consumption was calculated as the weight (g) of food provided subtracted by that recovered. Measurements for systolic and diastolic blood pressure were obtained from conscious rats using a non-invasive tail-cuff method with volume pressure recording software CODA 2 (Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT, USA; Daugherty et al. 2009) (link). Glucose tolerance tests and insulin sensitivity tests were conducted as described previously (Jayasooriya et al. 2008 (link), Xia et al. 2011) (link) with minor modifications as glucose and insulin were administered via i.p. injection following an overnight and 2-h fast period respectively. Blood glucose in response to glucose (2 g/kg) or insulin (0.75 U/kg) load was analysed as area under the curve (Le Floch et al. 1990 (link)).
3
Non-invasive Blood Pressure Measurement
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Blood pressure was measured in conscious restrained rats using non-invasive tail cuff method (CODA-2, Kent Scientific, Torrington, USA). The rats were trained for 7 days by measuring BP daily. Each session consisted of 5 acclimatization cycles followed by 15 BP measurements cycles. On the day of data collection, 2 sessions of 15 BP measurements were obtained. A set was accepted if the system identified >50% successful readings. The mean value from one session was used for mean arterial pressure (MAP) in each rat. Pulse pressure (PP) was derived as the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure readings.
4
Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring in Mice
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Noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurements were performed daily throughout the noise exposure regimen (CODA 2, Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT, USA) [4 (link),5 (link)]. Baseline measurement was done 1 day before noise exposure started, and then blood pressure was measured daily during the noise exposure regimen (see Figure 1 ). Animals were placed in restrainers on a preheated plate (32 °C). The CODA System comprises two tail-cuffs for the measurement of blood pressure. An occlusion cuff and a volume–pressure recording cuff (VPR) were placed on the tail of the mice to measure volume–pressure changes in the tail vein upon occlusion and release. Data were acquired by CODA Data Acquisition Software. All measurements of the finally recorded NIBP values were preceded by three training sessions to acclimate the animal to the general procedure before the measurement that was used for the final dataset. The mean values of 10 NIBP readings were used for each animal’s daily value.
5
Measuring Brain Blood Flow and Blood Pressure in Mice
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Under intraperitoneal tribromoethanol (TBE @ 5 mg/kg bw) anesthesia, each animal was placed in the prone position, and the brain blood flow was measured using Speckle Contrast Imager (Moor FLPI, Wilmington, DE) at room temperature. The camera (580 9 752 resolution) was positioned 15 cm from the dorsal surface of the brain. Settings for lower solution/high-speed images included a display rate of 25 Hz, the time constant of 1.0 sec, and a camera exposure time of 20 m/sec. The contrast images were processed to produce a color-coded live flux image and a flux unit’s trace was also recorded for 2 min in all of the animals. Data were expressed as flux unit. On the other hand, blood pressure (BP) in the conscious animal was measured by a non-invasive tail-cuff method (CODA 2, Kent Scientific Corp., Torrington, CT) after proper acclimatization in a steady state77 (link).
6
Hemodynamic Monitoring in Burn Injury Rats
7
Noninvasive Systemic Blood Pressure Measurement
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Systemic BP was noninvasively measured using the tail cuff system (Kent Scientific CODA2). Briefly, mice were lightly anesthetised (0.75% v/v isoflurane, 1.5L O2) and placed on a warming tray with the tail inserted into an inflatable cuff where systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was calculated as follows: 1/3 x SBP + 2/3 x DBP.
8
Noninvasive Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Rats
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Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were determined in conscious rats using a noninvasive volume-pressure recording tail cuff method (CODA-2, Kent scientific, Connecticut, USA) (Apaiajai et al. 2018) (link).
Heart rate variability (HRV) was determined as described previously (Apaijai et al. 2013 (link), Apaiajai et al. 2018) (link). In brief, a lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded in conscious rats for 20 min (PowerLab 4/25T, AD instruments, Sydney, Australia). The stable ECG was used to analyze the data. At least 300 consecutive RR intervals were chosen, and the power spectra of RR intervals were obtained using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. A high-frequency band (HF; 0.04-0.15 Hz), a low-frequency band (LF; 0.15-0.4 Hz) and a very-low frequency band (VLF <0.15 Hz) were detected. Then, the HF and LF were divided by the total power minus VLF in order to minimize the effect of changes in total power on both frequency bands. LF indicates a combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, while HF indicates parasympathetic activity. The LF/HF ratio was used as an indicator for cardiac sympathovagal balance (Apaijai et al. 2013 (link), Apaiajai et al. 2018) (link).
Heart rate variability (HRV) was determined as described previously (Apaijai et al. 2013 (link), Apaiajai et al. 2018) (link). In brief, a lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded in conscious rats for 20 min (PowerLab 4/25T, AD instruments, Sydney, Australia). The stable ECG was used to analyze the data. At least 300 consecutive RR intervals were chosen, and the power spectra of RR intervals were obtained using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm. A high-frequency band (HF; 0.04-0.15 Hz), a low-frequency band (LF; 0.15-0.4 Hz) and a very-low frequency band (VLF <0.15 Hz) were detected. Then, the HF and LF were divided by the total power minus VLF in order to minimize the effect of changes in total power on both frequency bands. LF indicates a combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, while HF indicates parasympathetic activity. The LF/HF ratio was used as an indicator for cardiac sympathovagal balance (Apaijai et al. 2013 (link), Apaiajai et al. 2018) (link).
9
Blood Pressure Measurement in Mice
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BP was measured in conscious wild type (n = 51) and Cygb-TG (n = 35) mice using the tail-cuff method (CODA-2, Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT). Briefly, a cuff was placed on the tail of the mice to occlude the blood flow. Upon deflation, the blood pressure sensors, which were placed distal to the occlusion cuff, monitored the blood pressure via volume pressure recording (VPR). VPR used a specially designed differential pressure transducer to noninvasively measure the blood volume in the tail. Data from each mouse were obtained from one accepted session, which consisted of 5 acclimatization cycles followed by 15 BP measurement cycles; a set was accepted if the computer identified >50% successful readings. The average value from the accepted session was used for systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in each individual mouse.
10
Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring
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NIBP measurements were performed on days 0, 4, 7, 14, and 28 of the noise exposure regimen (CODA 2, Kent Scientific, Torrington, United States). Preceding the baseline measurement at day 0, animals were trained for NIBP measurements three times to prevent stress reactions from restraint. Animals entered restraining tubes freely and were then placed on a preheated plate (32°C) and allowed to acclimate for 20 min. Each session of measurements was comprised of 15 sequential blood pressure measurements, the first 5 of which were discarded as acclimatory cycles. Data points thereby represent the mean value of ten measurements per animal on the given treatment day. Feng et al. proofed accuracy of this method compared to radiotelemetric measurement (Feng et al., 2008 (link)).
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