Tensor 27 ftir

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of vacuum-dried ulvan extract biomass were measured in the spectral range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ (at 4 cm⁻¹ resolution) using an FT-IR machine (Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR, Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany). The identification of the thermochemical hydrolysis extract from Ulva sp. was compared to the extract’s features and values of previous studies, and the percentage of similarity was calculated.
Elemental analysis (CHNS) was undertaken using CHNS Analyzer (Flash2000 CHNS/O Analyzer, Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at Technion Chemistry Service Unit (Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel). The elemental analysis was compared to previously published data (Table S1).

The CHP was ground with spectral potassium bromide (KBr) powder in an agate mortar and then pressed into 1 mm thin slices for Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR (Bruker Daltonics Co., Ltd., Karlsruhe, Germany) spectrometer analysis within 4000–500 cm⁻¹ at a resolution of 4 cm⁻³. The test mode was set to the powder conventional tablet pressing mode.

Nonbiotinylated and biotinylated peptides were incubated for 7
days as described above, centrifuged at 12,000g for
30 min and resuspended in MilliQ water. Samples were placed on the
ATR crystal and dried with nitrogen flow. The experiments were carried
out in a Bruker Tensor 27 FTIR (Bruker Optics, United States) supplied
with a Specac Golden Gate MKII ATR accessory. Each spectrum consists
of 32 acquisitions measured at a resolution of 1 cm^–1. Data were acquired and normalized using the OPUS MIR Tensor 27
software (Bruker Optics, United States). IR spectra were fitted employing
a nonlinear peak-fitting equation using PeakFit package v4.12 (Systat
Software, San Jose, CA). The area for each Gaussian curve was calculated
in the amide I region from 1700 to 1600 cm^–1 using
the second derivative deconvolution method in the PeakFit package
v4.12 (Systat Software, San Jose, CA).

A qualitative phase analysis of the inorganic powders was performed by X-ray diffraction. For this, a high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (X’Pert PRO PANalytical, Almelo, Netherlands)) equipped with Ni-filtered CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å) was used to collect the X-ray diffraction data within the 2θ range of 5–110° using a step size 0.02° and 96 s of counting time for each step. The ICDD cards numbers # 04 006 9376 for β-TCP and # 04 009 3876 for β-CCP were used as models for identifying the crystalline phases.
Infrared spectra were obtained by FT-IR (model Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR; Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA). Each starting powder was mixed with KBr in the proportion of 1/150 (by weight) for 15 min and pressed into a pellet. Each infrared spectrum was the average of 128 scans collected at 4 cm⁻¹ resolution at room temperature (RT).
Particle size distribution (PSD) and the average particle size (PS) of the powder were assessed using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (COULTER LS230, Northewell Drive, Luton, England, Fullerton CA—Fraunhofer optical model).

The chemical bonds and the crystallinity of the treated and untreated pinewood powder were investigated using a FTIR spectrometer (Bruker) equipped with a universal ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) accessory and Deuterated triglycine sulfate (DTGS) detector (Bruker Tensor 27 FT-IR). The spectra were collected over using average of 60 scans and resolution of 4 cm⁻¹ and at the range of 600–4000 cm⁻¹. Rubberband correction method was used for correction of the spectra baseline [27 (link)], and the absorbance values were normalized to 0 and 1 based on the intensity of the maximum peak. Total crystallinity index (TCI = a₁₃₇₇/a₂₉₂₂) and lateral order index (LOI = a₁₄₂₁/a₈₉₃) as well as the lignin to cellulose ratio (a₁₅₁₀/a₉₀₀) were determined using the absorption ratios [12 , 28 ].